断根结合生长素和钾肥施用对烤烟生长及糖碱比、有机钾指数的影响

河南济源烟区存在着烟叶糖碱比高、有机钾指数较低的生产现状,通过田间试验研究了打顶时断根(C)、打顶时断根结合喷施IAA(C+I)、打顶时断根结合追施钾肥(C+K)、打顶时断根结合喷施IAA并追施钾肥(C+K+I)和对照(CK)5种处理对烤烟生物量及糖碱比、有机钾指数的影响。结果表明:不同调控措施在烟株成熟期较对照均能增加根部、叶片的干重,减少烟碱、总糖在中上部烟叶的累积。断根结合喷施IAA能降低各部位烟叶的糖碱比,且以C+K+I处理的降幅最大,在下、中、上叶位中较对照分别降低了19.12%、15.33%和8.15%。与对照相比,各处理均能提高不同部位烟叶K⁺含量,降低Cl^-和SO₄^2-含量。C+K+I处理能极显著提高各部位烟叶的有机钾指数,且在中上部烟叶中增幅最大,较对照分别提高了125.00%和209.43%。总的看来,打顶时断根结合喷施IAA并追施钾肥能促进烟叶中的干物质积累、降低糖碱比、提高有机钾指数,进而提高烟叶的内在品质。     

钙过量对茶树新梢品质成分及根系生长的动态影响

以平阳特早一年生茶树幼苗为试验材料,设置90、150、210、270 mg/L Ca2+浓度进行钙过量水培培养,研究其对茶树幼苗、新梢主要品质成分的动态影响,同时测定了根系形态的动态变化.结果表明,钙过量处理前2周,茶多酚含量在较低钙过量(90、150 mg/L)条件下增加,这可能是茶多酚作为抗氧化剂对钙过量胁迫的抗性;氨基酸含量从第三周开始表现出下降,且随着处理时间的增加,下降幅度越大;咖啡碱含量处理第一周即出现下降,随着处理时间的增加,下降幅度增大.钙过量对根系的伤害主要表现在根尖数减少和较高Ca2+浓度(210、270 mg/L)条件下,根系表面会附着一层白色黏膜抑制新根的生长.钙过量处理可直接造成茶树根系吸收根的衰亡,进而逐步影响到茶树新梢品质成分的合成.     

细根分解研究概况

植物主要依赖于细根获取水分和养分,分配到地下部分细根的生物量占总生物量的比例很高且周转迅速,因此在某些森林生态系统中,细根周转对土壤有机质的贡献大于地上部分凋落物,细根分解是陆地生态系统C和养分的重要输入途径.但是,当前国内对细根分解的研究不够重视,在这方面的研究有待于加强.     

砂糖椰子对干旱和水分补偿的生理变化

为了研究干旱胁迫和复水对砂糖椰子（Arenga pinnata）幼苗叶片和根系的影响,以两年生砂糖椰子幼苗为材料,分别进行干旱胁迫0,7,14和21 d,再复水3和6 d,然后测定叶片和根系的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、脯氨酸（Pro）含量、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、相对电导率以及叶绿素含量。结果表明,叶片的SOD活性在各个处理中均呈显著的波动性变化,根系的SOD活性在干旱胁迫和复水后都显著高于对照。叶片和根系的Pro含量在重度干旱胁迫下显著升高,复水后显著降低;而可溶性蛋白含量在中度和重度干旱胁迫时均显著减少,复水3 d后显著增加;叶片和根系的MDA含量变化趋势具有互补性;叶片和根系的相对电导率均随着干旱胁迫时间的延长而增加,在中度和重度干旱胁迫时显著高于其他处理,复水后减少;叶绿素含量在重度干旱胁迫时达到最高值。总之,在干旱胁迫下,叶片和根系不同指标变化规律不一样,脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量和相对电导率在叶片和根系中的变化趋势相似,SOD活性和MDA含量的变化趋势不一致,表明砂糖椰子地上部和地下部对干旱胁迫的响应具有协同效应。     

酸枣根中鞣质含量测定及提取工艺研究

[目的]优化酸枣根鞣质的提取工艺,建立稳定的酸枣根中鞣质的含量测定方法。[方法]用干酪素法测定总鞣质的含量,并以提取物中鞣质含量为评价指标,以丙酮浓度、提取时间、料液比及提取次数为考察因素,采用正交设计法筛选酸枣根的提取工艺条件。[结果]提取次数为主要影响因素;最佳提取条件为:超声提取的丙酮浓度为70%,料液比为1∶20(W/V,g/ml,下同),提取时间为30 min,提取3次;在此条件下,酸枣根中鞣质的含量为6.82%。[结论]所优选的鞣质提取工艺合理,操作简便可行。     

梭梭幼苗根系分泌物提取方法的研究

为了探讨梭梭根系分泌物中的化学成分,本文采用水浸提取和循环灌溉两种方法对梭梭幼苗根系分泌物进行收集和提取,结合气相色谱-质谱联用分析技术,分析梭梭幼苗根系分泌物中组分和含量的差异。实验结果表明:循环灌溉收集的梭梭幼苗根系分泌物中检测到35种化合物,包括酚醌类、醛酮类、醇类、酸类、脂类和胺类化合物;硅烷化处理后,主要增加部分强极性有机酸,如苯甲酸。水浸提取梭梭幼苗根系分泌物的中性相组分共检测出27种化合物,但未检测到酚醌类化合物;碱性相组分共检测出23种化合物,醛酮类化合物种类减少,烷烃类化合物种类增加;酸性相组分中仅检测到10种化合物,以醇类化合物为主,占检出化合物总量的72.62%。收集梭梭幼苗根系分泌物循环灌溉是一种有效的方法。     

地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应研究

通过小麦盆栽试验,研究向地下滴灌系统施加氟乐灵的排根效应。结果表明,地下滴灌不施药时滴头所在的竖直方向根密度较大,而施加少量氟乐灵后,滴头所在位置处根密度有不同程度降低,说明氟乐灵有抑制小麦根系向滴头附近生长的趋势。施药时间、施药浓度和施药量均对药物排根效应显著影响,其中施药时间为极显著。施药时间越晚,排根范围越小,出苗后50d施药的平均排根范围仅为3.03cm2;施药浓度越小,排根范围越小,浓度为1.5g/L及1.2g/L的排根范围接近,而浓度为0.9g/L的平均排根范围最小,为6.0cm2;施药量越小排根范围越小,施药量为0.023g/滴头的平均排根范围为8.37cm2。     

Calcium nutrition of the sugarbeet

Abstract

When sugarbeet seedlings are transferred from a complete nutrient solution to one from which Ca has been withheld, the rootlets and tops fail to develop. The same transfer at the eight‐leaf stage causes the rootlets to become stubby and swollen at the tips and blade expansion becomes modified; particularly the upper portions of the blades attaining nearly full development, which pucker and often develop a cupping or hooding effect; a unique symptom characteristic of Ca deficiency. As each new leaf develops, the blade area becomes smaller until only a black tip remains at the apex of the petiole, which is the symptom referred to as tip‐burn for this petiole and the successively . shorter petioles formed as Ca deficiency increases in severity. Strangely, these symptoms also appear during periods of rapid growth when the nutrient solution contains as much as 10 to 28 milliequivalents per liter of Ca or when soils are high in Ca. This implies that Ca absorption and possibly translocation limits the Ca supply at the growing point. Increasing Mg in the nutrient solution decreases Ca uptake and increases Ca deficiency. Potassium deficiency, unexpectedly, induces Ca deficiency apparently by decreasing the translocation of Ca to the growing point.

These phenomena suggest the hypothesis that when ion absorption takes place from the root exchange site that has the affinity for H > Ca > Mg > K > Na, then the H generated internally replaces, and the roots absorb, Na, K and Mg preferentially. Externally, Ca would be adsorbed preferentially from the nutrient solution by the exchange complex, and with the addition of Mg, it would compete for the common adsorption site of Ca and limit Ca absorption internally. Under these conditions potassium‐deficient nutrient solutions would not induce Ca deficiency by decreasing Ca absorption but rather by decreasing Ca translocation. Theoretically, Ba would replace H more readily than Ca on the exchange complex, and therefore, Ba would be adsorbed preferentially and Ca uptake would increase. This effect of Ba was verified experimentally.

Since the translocation of ⁴⁵Ca to the growing point was found to be unrestricted under Ca‐sufficient and Ca‐deficient conditions and since the formation of insoluble Ca compounds such as phosphate or oxalate did not account for the Ca deficiency at the growing point, the cause of the Ca deficiency at the growing point is most likely the higher priority of the storage root for Ca over tops when leaf blades and storage root are both expanding rapidly. However, Ca retransport from older to younger parts of the sugarbeet plant may be restricted by the formation of Ca phosphate under Ca‐deficient conditions and Ca oxalate under Ca‐sufficient conditions.

Calcium deficiency increases net photosynthesis per unit blade area initially, probably because of blade puckering, but not on a per unit chlorophyll basis.     

应用可拓学原理评价黄瓜根分泌物的化感潜势

 对黄瓜组培根分泌物的化感潜势进行可拓评价, 得出黄瓜组培根分泌物对菜豆幼苗生长有显著促进作用, 而对其它3种作物有明显的毒害作用, 毒害程度为黄瓜>甜瓜>番茄。同时, 建立了黄瓜组培根分泌液的化感效应的数学模型R_E = [ k₁R_p0 / ( k₂ - k₁ ) ] ( e^{- k1t} - e^{- k2t} ) ( e- ^k1a - e^{- k2a} ) , 说明了黄瓜组培根分泌液的化感效应与组培根培养时间( t) 以及根分泌液浓度( a) 显著相关。黄瓜根分泌物对4种受体作物显示出显著的化学干扰差异, 论证了植物种内(间) 发生的干扰作用与植物的品种(系) 有关, 从理论上得出菜豆可以作为黄瓜的间套作物或下茬作物。     

草本植物根系对边坡浅层稳定性影响研究

为研究草本植物根系对边坡浅层稳定性的影响,在假设滑坡体为长方体的条件下,通过对植物根系加固边坡的力学原理进行分析,推导了植物根系对边坡浅层稳定性的安全系数公式,并计算分析了坡度、滑坡体尺寸以及根土面积比对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着边坡坡度及滑坡体尺寸的增加,边坡的稳定系数将减小。并且,植物护坡的坡体安全系数要大于无防护坡体的安全系数。随着根-土面积比的增大,坡体的稳定系数逐渐增加,说明植物根系能增加边坡的稳定性。