Chemical characteristics and potential source of fulvic acids leached from the plow layer of paddy soil

To understand better the chemical characteristics and source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from the plow layer of rice paddies, a lysimeter study was conducted, which simulated submerged paddy topsoil during rice growth. The fulvic acid (FA) fraction in the percolation water from the lysimeter was collected by adsorption onto insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and the temporal variations in its elemental composition, molecular size distribution, IR spectra, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra, and δ¹³C values were investigated. The proportion of the FA fraction to bulk DOM varied greatly, but the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction did not change appreciably during the experimental period. Thus, it is considered that the changes in the DOM composition in percolation water were mainly due to the differing contributions of the FA fraction. Further, to investigate the source of the FA fraction in the leachate, the chemical characteristics of the FA fraction in the leachate were compared with those extracted from the plow layer soil. A sequential extraction of the FA fraction was conducted using a sequence of water, 0.25 M Na₂SO₄, 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 7.0), 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5), and NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5). It was found that the water- and 0.25 M Na₂SO₄-extractable fractions, which were most mobile, were not the only source of the FA fraction in the leachate. The small molecular size sub-fraction of the NaBH₄+0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ (pH 10.5)-extractable FAs, most of which are probably bound mainly to iron oxides, are considered to be another source of the FA fraction leached from the plow layer of paddy fields.     

土壤矿物钾的释放及其在植物营养中的意义

本文对土壤钾的形态、矿物钾释放的影响因素及钾的固定、土壤含钾矿物与土壤供钾能力间关系、矿物钾的植物有效性进行了综述 ,表明土壤钾素从有效性的角度进行划分时 ,不能仅把速效性钾和1mol/L热硝酸提取的缓效性钾列为作物吸钾的主要来源 ,而忽视矿物钾的作用 .     

Dynamic of organic matter in the heavy fraction after abandonment of cultivated wetlands

The abandonment of cultivated wetland soil increased the contents of light fraction organic matter (LFOM), heavy fraction organic matter (HFOM) and soil organic matter (SOM). The LFOM and HFOM content increased to 13.3 g kg⁻¹ and 62.4 g kg⁻¹ after 5 years whereas they were 8.4 and 47.9 g kg⁻¹ after 9 years of cropping, respectively. Fourteen years after abandonment, HFOM content increased to 104.3 g kg⁻¹. LFOM was positively correlated with HFOM (p < 0.001). A Langmuir equation was used to calculate the highest HFOM value. The value for the natural wetland soil was closed to this theoretical value (140.8 g kg⁻¹). After 14 years of abandonment, the HFOM maximum (HFOM_Max) value was lower than the equilibrium value suggesting that a further increase in HFOM can occur after abandonment. Assuming a linear accumulation (3.87 Mg C ha⁻¹yr⁻¹), it would take approximately 24 years after the abandonment to reach the HFOM_Max value.     

Influence of water potential on nitrification and structure of nitrifying bacterial communities in semiarid soils

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between soil water potential, nitrifier community structure and nitrification activity in semiarid soils. Soils were collected after a 5-month dry period (end of summer) and subsequently rewetted to specific water potentials and incubated for 7 days prior to analysis of nitrification activity and nitrifier community structure. The approach used in this study targeted a 491bp segment of the amoA gene which encodes the active site of the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme, which is the key enzyme for all aerobic ammonia oxidisers. amoA serves as a useful target for environmental studies since it is both specific and universal for all ammonia oxidisers and reflects the phylogeny of the ammonia oxidisers. Our results suggest that in semiarid soils water potential plays a key role in determining the structure of ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB), and that additionally AOB community structure is correlated to potential nitrification rate in these soils.     

不同利用年限红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的粒级分布变化

通过田间采样结合沉降法分级提取,研究了不同利用年限红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量的粒级分布变化特征。结果表明,红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量随土壤颗粒粒径的增大而下降,但在各粒级中的分布比例存在显著差异。<0.002mm、0.002～0.02mm、0.02～0.05mm、>0.05mm粒级的有机碳占全土有机碳的比例分别是29.2%、30.7%、11.9%、15.4%,氮的相应数值为36.7%、31.9%、10.2%、14.0%,磷为49.2%、26.5%、11.1%、12.4%,钾为36.9%、33.4%、12.9%、20.0%。总体来说,黏粒和粉粒中有机碳和养分的分布比例较高。红壤水稻土有机碳和养分含量及分布比例还随利用年限而有明显变化。开垦利用不到10a的水田土壤,有机碳和养分含量较低且主要集中在<0.002mm粒级中;而利用超过10a的水稻土,有机碳和养分在粉粒中(0.002～0.05mm)的比例大于50%。各利用年限的红壤水稻土多以0.02～0.05mm粒级的C/N为最高,并随利用年限延长而下降。红壤水稻土各粒级有机碳和养分含量及分布状况随利用年限的变化反映了土壤肥力熟化和养分有效性的提高过程。     

太湖地区典型水稻土中速效磷变化规律研究

为了定量研究太湖地区农田土壤中速效磷的变化情况,本文对不同季节太湖地区三种典型水稻土(白土、黄泥土和乌栅土)中土壤速效磷的含量进行了分析。结果表明:速效磷含量在土壤剖面中由上层到下层呈现逐渐递减的趋势。三种土壤均以耕层含量为最高,在45cm以下基本上趋于稳定,但在接近地下水时又略有上升。季节性变化方面,速效磷含量一般在2月份的小麦分蘖-拔节期和9月份的水稻齐穗期较高。影响土壤速效磷含量的因素很多,经分析:土壤速效磷的含量与土壤的有机质含量呈极显著的线性正相关关系;旱作条件下与全磷含量之间呈显著的幂函数相关关系,在水作条件下与全磷含量之间呈极显著的线性正相关关系;与土壤的pH又有显著的线性负相关关系。     

Nitrogen fertilizer–induced mineralization of soil organic C and N in six contrasting soils of Bangladesh

A 90‐day laboratory incubation study was carried out using six contrasting subtropical soils (calcareous, peat, saline, noncalcareous, terrace, and acid sulfate) from Bangladesh. A control treatment without nitrogen (N) application was compared with treatments where urea, ammonium sulfate (AS), and ammonium nitrate (AN) were applied at a rate of 100 mg N (kg soil)^–1. To study the effect of N fertilizers on soil carbon (C) turnover, the CO₂‐C flux was determined at nine sampling dates during the incubation, and the total loss of soil carbon (TC) was calculated. Nitrogen turnover was characterized by measuring net nitrogen mineralization (NNM) and net nitrification (NN). Simple and stepwise multiple regressions were calculated between CO₂‐C flux, TC, NNM, and NN on the one hand and selected soil properties (organic C, total N, C : N ratio, CEC, pH, clay and sand content) on the other hand. In general, CO₂‐C fluxes were clearly higher during the first 2 weeks of the incubation compared to the later phases. Soils with high pH and/or indigenous C displayed the highest CO₂‐C flux. However, soils having low C levels (i.e., calcareous and terrace soils) displayed a large relative TC loss (up to 22.3%) and the added N–induced TC loss from these soils reached a maximum of 10.6%. Loss of TC differed depending on the N treatments (urea > AS > AN >> control). Significantly higher NNM was found in the acidic soils (terrace and acid sulfate). On average, NNM after urea application was higher than for AS and AN (80.3 vs. 71.9 and 70.9 N (kg soil)^–1, respectively). However, specific interactions between N‐fertilizer form and soil type have to be taken into consideration. High pH soils displayed larger NN (75.9–98.1 mg N (kg soil)^–1) than low pH soils. Averaged over the six soils, NN after application of urea and AS (83.3 and 82.2 mg N (kg soil)^–1, respectively) was significantly higher than after application of AN (60.6 mg N (kg soil)^–1). Significant relationships were found between total CO₂ flux and certain soil properties (organic C, total N, CEC, clay and sand content). The most important soil property for NNM as well as NN was soil pH, showing a correlation coefficient of –0.33** and 0.45***, respectively. The results indicate that application of urea to acidic soils and AS to high‐pH soils could be an effective measure to improve the availability of added N for crop uptake.     

Nitrogen transformations in cold and frozen agricultural soils following organic amendments

Though microbial activity is known to occur in frozen soils, little is known about the fate of animal manure N applied in the fall to agricultural soils located in areas with prolonged winter periods. Our objective was to examine transformations of soil and pig slurry N at low temperatures. Loamy and clay soils were either unamended (Control), amended with ¹⁵NH₄-labeled pig slurry, or amended with the pig slurry and wheat straw. Soils were incubated at −6, −2, 2, 6, and 10 °C. The amounts of NH₄, NO₃ and microbial biomass N (MBN), and the presence of ¹⁵N in these pools were monitored. Total mineral N, NO₃ and ¹⁵NO₃ increased at temperature down to −2 °C in the loam soil and −6 °C in the clay soil, indicating that nitrification and mineralization proceeded in frozen soils. Nitrification and mineralization rates were 1.8-4.9 times higher in the clay than in the loamy soil, especially below freezing point (3.2-4.9), possibly because more unfrozen water remained in the clay than in the loamy soil. Slurry addition increased nitrification rates by 3-14 times at all temperatures, indicating that this process was N-limited even in frozen soils. Straw incorporation caused significant net N immobilization only at temperatures ≥2 °C in both soils; the rates were 1.4-3.4 higher in the loam than in the clay soil. Nevertheless, up to 30% of the applied ¹⁵N was present in MBN at all temperatures. These findings indicate that microbial N immobilization occurred in frozen soils, but was not strong enough to induce net immobilization below the freezing point, even in the presence of straw. The Q₁₀ values for estimated mineralization and nitrification rates were one to two orders-of-magnitude larger below 2 °C than above this temperature (13-208 versus 1.5-6.9, respectively), indicating that these processes are highly sensitive to a small increase in soil temperature around the freezing point of water. This study confirms that net mineralization and nitrification can occur at potentially significant rates in frozen agricultural soils, especially in the presence of organic amendments. In contrast, net N immobilization could be detected essentially above the freezing point. Our results imply that fall-applied N could be at risk of overwinter losses, particularly in fine-textured soils.     

不同浓度硫酸盐对水稻土中异化铁还原过程的影响

研究不同电子受体之间的竞争关系对揭示厌氧水稻土中微生物作用导致的氧化还原过程变化机理具有重要的理论意义。本研究采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、人工合成氧化铁体系接种土壤浸提液厌氧培养及接种铁还原菌纯培养等试验方法,通过向培养体系中添加SO24-,探讨了硫酸盐作为竞争电子受体对不同铁还原体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土的泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率均随着SO24-浓度增加而降低,但Fe（Ⅱ）的最终累积量却较对照处理有明显的增加。添加硫酸盐对Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率（k）的影响表现为：石灰性水稻土〉酸性水稻土;而最终Fe（Ⅱ）累积增加率则为：酸性水稻土〉石灰性水稻土。由接种不同水稻土浸提液的培养试验看出,添加SO24-后Fe（Ⅲ）还原受到显著的抑制,但随着培养时间延长Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应依然可以进行,并且Fe（Ⅱ）累积量最终达到与CK相同的水平。在接种铁还原菌的纯培养试验中,添加SO24-对供试的4株铁还原菌的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程并未产生抑制效应,表明铁还原菌本身并不受硫酸盐的影响。     

西昌市土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn有效性评价及其影响因素分析

在分析西昌市土壤微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn有效含量状况及其分布特征的基础上,从成土母质、土地利用方式、有机质和pH等4个方面探讨其对土壤微量元素有效含量的影响。结果表明:西昌市土壤有效Fe含量丰富,有效Cu和Zn略低且分布不均,有效锰有32.18%的土壤缺乏。成土母质是重要的影响因素,第四纪紫色洪冲积物发育的土壤Fe、Mn、Zn有效含量较高,二迭纪岩浆岩洪冲积物发育的土壤有效Cu含量较高,坡残积物发育的土壤4种微量元素有效态含量均较低;水田土壤各元素有效含量均大于旱地;有机质与有效Fe、Cu间显著正相关;pH值在中性偏碱时,有效Cu和Zn含量较低。