试析《庄子》疑问句的问域

《庄子》中的疑问句大量地出现在虚构的人物(或拟人形象)的对话中,本文分析了特指问、肯定/否定式的是非问句和选择问句中问域的特点、问话人表达疑问的不同倾向性,试图从问域的角度体会《庄子》的“谬悠之说”、“荒唐之言”。     

宿主域扩大的重组救活昆虫杆状病毒表达载体的构建及外源基因的表达

通过克隆的家蚕核多角体病毒解旋酶基因DNA与重组救活可线性化的苜蓿尺蠖核多角体病毒基因工程载体病毒 (BacPAK6 )DNA在昆虫细胞中发生重组 ,经累代筛选获得了既可感染家蚕又可感染秋粘虫细胞Sf 2 1的宿主域扩大的昆虫杆状病毒表达载体 (HyBacPAK6 )。HyBacPAK6DNA经Bsu36Ⅰ酶切后与含植酸酶基因的转移载体pVL1393 phy在家蚕细胞中重组后 ,通过蓝白斑筛选发现重组率可达 90 %以上。然而以杂交病毒为载体的外源基因表达量仅为以BmNPV为载体病毒的表达量的 2 0 %左右。分析认为HyBacPAK6可用于表达一些对蚕体有害的外源基因。     

Fate of heavy metals in a strongly acidic shooting‐range soil: small‐scale metal distribution and its relation to preferential water flow

To assess the mobility of Pb and associated metals in a highly contaminated shooting range soil (Losone, Ticino, Switzerland), we investigated the spatial distribution of the metals and their relation to preferential water flow paths. A 2.2 m² plot located 40 m behind the stop butt was irrigated with a solution containing bromide and Brilliant Blue, a slightly sorbing dye. A soil profile 50 cm in width was sampled down to 80 cm with a spatial resolution of 2.5 cm, resulting in 626 samples. Concentrations of elements (12 ≤ Z ≤ 92) were determined by energy‐dispersive Xray fluorescence spectrometry, and Brilliant Blue concentrations were determined with a chromameter. In the acidic (pH 3), organic matter‐rich, well drained Dystric Cambisol, maximum concentrations of 80.9 g kg^‐1 Pb, 4.0 g kg^‐1 Sb, and 0.55 g kg^‐1 Cu were measured in the topsoil. Within 40 cm soil depth, however, Pb, Sb, and Cu approached background concentrations of 23 mg kg^‐1, 0.4 mg kg^‐1, and 9.4 mg kg^‐1, respectively. The even horizontal distribution and the steep gradient along soil depth indicate tight metal binding in the topsoil, and a fairly homogeneous transport front. In contrast, water flow through the profile was highly heterogeneous. In the uppermost 20 cm, preferential flow was initiated by heterogeneous infiltration at the soil surface, but had no influence on metal distribution. Below 20 cm, however, preferential flow originated from larger tree roots, and metal concentrations were significantly elevated along these macropores. Spatial distributions of Pb, Sb, and Cu were similar, suggesting that all three metals are strongly retained in the topsoil and transported along preferential water flow paths in the subsoil.     

Altitudinal differences in bark stripping by sika deer in the subalpine coniferous forest of Mt. Fuji

Deer expansion is a growing concern for forest ecosystem management. In Japan, upward expansion to subalpine and alpine areas has reached alarming proportions in recent years. We examined bark stripping by sika deer along an altitudinal gradient in the subalpine coniferous forest at three altitude ranges (1800-2000 m, 2000-2200 m, and 2200-2400 m) on the southern slope of Mt. Fuji. We tested differences in densities and diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees and those with bark-stripped stems of all tree species among the three altitude ranges. Then, we compared the relative densities of deer, based on pellet counts, to determine the impact of deer in relation to deer use and forest stand patterns across the altitudinal range studied. The results of the study show that differences in bark stripping by sika deer depended largely on the elevation and the species. Larger stems were sparsely distributed in the lowest elevation zone between 1800 and 2000 m. The relative density of deer was highest in the areas exhibiting high bark-stripping intensity on small regenerating trees of the dominant coniferous species, Abies veitchii, and on broadleaf species. In the highest elevation zone between 2200 and 2400 m, smaller stems were densely distributed, and the relative deer density was lowest where the bark-stripping intensity on small stems was lower for all three species studied. The damage to subalpine tree stems corresponded to the availability of palatable tree species with a small diameter, as reflected by the successional stage along the elevational gradient of subalpine forest on Mt. Fuji. These results suggest that the continuous impact of bark stripping on the dominant tree species might cause severe changes in forest succession.     

Habitat use and spatial dynamics of takhi introduced to Hustai National Park, Mongolia

The successful introduction of captive bred takhi or Przewalski’s horse, Equus ferus przewalskii, into Mongolia in the 1990s is a good example of the benefits of ex situ conservation and one of the few examples of the recovery of an animal after it became extinct in the wild. This is also particularly interesting because virtually nothing was known about how takhi lived before they died out, and the introductions have enabled us to study how they have settled, and their ecology and behaviour within their former natural range. In this paper, we describe the movement, home range size and shape, and habitat use of takhi at one of the release areas, the 570 km² Hustai National Park in Mongolia. Harem home ranges varied between 129 and 2399 ha, with 80% core areas of between 61 and 1196 ha. There was no relationship between range size and harem size, or length of time since release. Initially, harems stayed near their release enclosures, but over time they established home ranges further away. There was little overlap between home ranges of different harems, but neither was there evidence of exclusive range use. The more nutritious vegetation at lower elevations was preferentially selected. Thus the present situation looks good, but, as the population continues to grow, we anticipate that there will be potential problems related to intraspecific competition for water and vegetation resources, and the potential for hybridisation with domestic horses belonging to the local people. We consider the time it may take for takhi to reach carrying capacity within Hustai National Park and emphasise that continual monitoring of the population is essential because interventional management is likely to be required in the future.     

灰色系统理论在气温超长期预测中的应用

本文应用灰色系统理论,根据乌鲁木齐地区46年(1941—1986年)气温资料,建立了一套灰色动态模型,对未来33年气温趋势进行了研究,并用1981—86年资料进行验证,得到理想的结果,可为水稻、棉花、瓜类产量预测及制定农业规划提供科学依据。     

异步电机效率测试误差的分析计算

用间接测量法分析了异步电动机效率测试的随机误差规律,研究了效率测试误差区域的计算方法,并作了实测计算例证。     

数字近景摄影测量用于森林固定样地测树的研究

该文以普通的光学或数字相机为工具,借助计算机建立数字近景摄影测量系统. 系统通过普通相机对固定样地摄影,建立以内、外方位元素(x0,y0,f;XS,YS,ZS,ω,k,φ)为未知数摄影测量共线方程,通过DLT变换,求得待定参数,进而把像方空间和物方空间联系起来,借助计算机系统,就可确定像方任一点坐标(x,y)对应的物方坐标(X,Y,Z),从而恢复物方空间立体,计算胸径、任一处直径、树高、树冠体积等测树指标. 这种系统不需要像控点就能建立待测目标的数字模型. 实验结果表明,通过此摄影测量系统可测量树高、胸径、树冠体积等,树高测量的相对误差为2%,胸径测量的外符合误差为1%,树冠体积的内复合误差为3%. 因而证明此方法可望用于森林固定样地测树.     

农业生态系统协调度测度理论与实证研究

依据数理统计理论与方法构建了农业生态系统协调度测度理论和模型,包括功效函数、协调函数和协调度的变化范围和协调度等级,建立了农业生态系统系统评价指标体系,以湖南省益阳市资阳区为例进行了农业生态系统自协调发展实证研究。结果表明:该地区农业生态系统1990—2002年系统协调度呈现上升趋势、1990—1998年呈弱度失调在5级以下、1999—2002年呈弱度协调在6级以上;系统协调度的变化主要受子系统影响,1990年的系统协调度低主要是因经济和社会子系统的协调度太低,1998年系统协调度低的主要原因是生态子系统的协调度太低;从研究时段看,影响农业生态系统系统协调度主要随经济子系统和生态子系统的协调度变化而改变,通常表现为经济子系统是提升协调度、生态子系统是降低协调度,揭示出经济与生态的协调是农业生态系统协调发展的关键。     

Global warming, elevational ranges and the vulnerability of tropical biota

Tropical species with narrow elevational ranges may be thermally specialized and vulnerable to global warming. Local studies of distributions along elevational gradients reveal small-scale patterns but do not allow generalizations among geographic regions or taxa. We critically assessed data from 249 studies of species elevational distributions in the American, African, and Asia-Pacific tropics. Of these, 150 had sufficient data quality, sampling intensity, elevational range, and freedom from serious habitat disturbance to permit robust across-study comparisons. We found four main patterns: (1) species classified as elevational specialists (upper- or lower-zone specialists) are relatively more frequent in the American than Asia-Pacific tropics, with African tropics being intermediate; (2) elevational specialists are rare on islands, especially oceanic and smaller continental islands, largely due to a paucity of upper-zone specialists; (3) a relatively high proportion of plants and ectothermic vertebrates (amphibians and reptiles) are upper-zone specialists; and (4) relatively few endothermic vertebrates (birds and mammals) are upper-zone specialists. Understanding these broad-scale trends will help identify taxa and geographic regions vulnerable to global warming and highlight future research priorities.