基于AnnAGNPS模型的三峡水库生态屏障区径流与土壤侵蚀的变化

利用调查统计和生态产业化工程建设数据,基于GIS技术和AnnAGNPS模型预测三峡水库生态屏障区7条典型农林小流域4种情景模式下径流和土壤侵蚀的变化。结果表明,与2000年相比,2020年7条流域地表径流量将平均减少40.7 mm,土壤侵蚀量将减少5.41 t·hm^-2;流域径流量与坡度呈显著正相关性(p<0.05),与林地面积比率呈显著负相关性(p<0.05),与农地比率相关性不显著; 土壤侵蚀量与林地面积呈显著负相关性(p<0.05),与农地面积呈显著正相关性(p<0.05),土壤侵蚀量空间变异系数均值为160%,为径流量的4.35倍,土壤侵蚀影响因素的不确定性远多于径流量;三峡水库屏障区实施退耕还林和生态产业化工程建设后,水土保持功能持续增强。利用AnnAGNPS模型输出的方法能较为客观地计量流域尺度径流量和土壤侵蚀量,但该方法所需数据量庞大,可能会限定其他地区的推广。     

新疆地区参考作物腾发量的灰色模型预测

该文依据新疆地区6个站的长序列逐日气象观测资料,基于Penman-Monteith公式计算了逐日参考作物腾发量（ET0）,并应用重标极差法对ET0未来变化趋势进行了分析。运用灰色关联理论计算了各站各气象因子与年ET0间的灰色关联度和关联序。在此基础上,运用灰色系统理论建立灰色不等维递补GM（1,h）模型对6个站的年ET0进行了模拟预测,并与灰色GM（1,1）模型进行了比较。结果表明：各站ET0年内变化均呈抛物线型,4－9月ET0依各站顺序为：若羌＞吐鲁番＞哈密＞喀什＞和田＞伊宁;6站年ET0赫斯特指数均大于0.5,各站未来的趋势与历史呈正相关,依然是波动递减;总体上,平均温度、日照时数、饱和气压差对各站年ET0的影响比较大;灰色不等维递补GM（1,h）模型预测相对误差限为0～7.31%,预测精度明显高于GM（1,1）模型。该研究表明采用灰色模型预测新疆地区参考作物腾发量精度较好。     

Comparison of critical limits for crop plant growth based on different indicators for the state of soil compaction

Soil compaction affects physical soil condition, in particular aeration, soil strength, and water availability and has adverse effects on plant growth. Bulk density is the most frequently used indicator to describe the state of compaction of a soil. However, this parameter lacks a direct functional relationship with plant growth. Various indicators have been proposed to simultaneously characterize the state of compaction of agricultural soil and its suitability for plant growth. This paper examines and compares the critical limits for crop plant growth based on three of these indicators: packing density, least limiting water range, and S parameter (the latter is the slope of the soil water‐retention curve in the inflexion point). In a first step, we reviewed the literature for published optimum and limiting values of bulk density and found that these values were highly dependent on clay and silt content. Converting them into corresponding values of packing density (composite index of bulk density and clay content), a value of 1.70 was found to effectively distinguish between optimum and limiting soil conditions for plant growth. In a second step, the packing density of 59 soil horizons sampled in N Switzerland was compared with the least limiting water range and the S parameter of these soil horizons (both determined by means of pedotransfer functions taken from the literature). A linear relationship between the three parameters was found, which allowed for a comparison of the published critical limits for plant growth based on these parameters. The critical limits of the three indicators, which had been postulated independently of each other in the literature, were found to agree well with each other. This means that all of them could equally be used to describe the compaction state of a soil and its physical suitability for plant growth. However, the proposed critical limits of packing density, least limiting water range, and S parameter still need further validation by field studies relating plant growth to soil compaction.     

新疆潜在蒸散分形特征与R/S趋势分析

[目的]分析新疆潜在蒸散的时间序列,判断时间序列的分形结构,对新疆潜在蒸散的变化趋势进行预测.[方法]应用Penman-Monteith模型计算了新疆53个气象台站1955～2008年的潜在蒸散量时间序列,并采用配分函数(统计矩)判定该时间序列的分形结构,再利用重标极差分析法(R/S)对新疆潜在蒸散变化趋势进行预测.[结果]配分函数τ(q)与q的线性关系非常明显,对于高阶q取值为10,20,…,100时也成立,依然有较好的线性关系.三个区域年平均潜在蒸散量时间序列存在明显的Hurst现象,Hurst指数分别为0.896 0、0.719 4、0.788 9.[结论]南疆区、北疆区、天山山区1955～2008年潜在蒸散时间序列是一个单分形结构.新疆潜在蒸散变化存在着持续性.其中,南疆区潜在蒸散的持续性最强,天山山区次之,北疆地区最弱.     

PDA森林资源数据采集软件的设计与实现

设计并实现了一种实用的PDA森林资源数据采集软件。该系统不仅提供样地数据录入功能,还实现以图形化报表形式呈现数据统计概述,便于调查员现时现地对调查数据进行整体概览。同时,系统支持包括数据库、XML、CSV多种数据格式的输出,满足不同用户内业处理的需求。     

A collaborative approach to investigate site fidelity, home range, and homing behavior of cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus)

Understanding the area use requirements of species targeted for protection by marine protected areas (MPAs) is critical to the future conservation efforts of economically important fish species. Knowledge of home range size and site fidelity is essential in determining whether species will benefit from the protection offered by a MPA, the size of the area needed to protect individuals, and the extent to which surrounding unprotected areas may be supplemented through post-recruitment movement or “spillover”. We utilized a traditional mark and recapture approach, along with GIS spatial analysis to investigate the site fidelity, home range, and homing behavior of the economically important fish species cabezon (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus) on the south central coast of California. In collaboration with members of the commercial live-fish fishery, a total of 1240 sub-adult and adult cabezon were tagged during 10 days of fishing from September to December of 2004 along ∼18 km of coastline. A public awareness and reward program resulted in 330 total recaptures from 290 different individuals (23% recapture rate) with recaptured individuals at liberty up to 1000 days after initial tagging. A majority of individuals displayed high site fidelity, with 81% of recapture events occurring within 100 m of their initial capture locations, and only 9 individuals (.03%) recaptured greater than 1 km. Most individuals (64%) displayed home ranges less than 1000 m². Ten individuals recaptured after experiencing translocation of up to 5.3 km displayed strong homing behavior, returning to within 14 m of their initial capture locations. Findings suggest that under circumstances where suitable habitat is available in nearby unprotected areas, that adult “spillover” will likely be limited to areas within 100 m from MPA boundaries. In addition, the size of the area needed to protect individual cabezon, should be at least 1000 m². Findings from this study demonstrate many of the potential benefits of scientists and fishers working together to investigate area use patterns of economically important fish species to facilitate future design and assessment of MPAs.     

Impact of Austropuccinia psidii in New Caledonia,a biodiversity hotspot

Myrtle rust, caused by the fungus Austropuccinia psidii, infects a wide range of host species within the Myrtaceae family worldwide. Since its first report in 2013 from New Caledonia, the extent of the host range, geographical distribution and genetic diversity of A. psidii in this territory have been unknown. This study reports 67 new host species distributed in 13 different Myrtaceae genera, including five new genera. The pathogen was found in various types of plant communities, where Myrtaceae species are the dominant or codominant species, as well as in several nurseries. It is now considered a significant threat to the biodiversity of ecosystems and the Myrtaceae‐related economy. A 3‐year disease monitoring trial with 35 cultivated Myrtaceae species showed variations in disease severity at the species and individual scales. This suggests that some level of genetic resistance to myrtle rust may possibly exist among the endemic Myrtaceae of New Caledonia. A population genetic investigation revealed that only one single genotype of A. psidii occurs across its entire host range in New Caledonia. Therefore, it is essential to carry out population genetic surveillance to identify the appearance of mutations or the introduction of potentially more virulent genotypes of A. psidii. The outcomes from this study will assist with the ongoing management of the disease in New Caledonia.     

Molecular and biological characterization of two potyviruses infecting lettuce in southeastern France

Several potyviruses affect lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and chicory (Cichorium spp.) crops worldwide and are important constraints for production because of the direct losses that they induce and/or because of their seed transmission. Here, the molecular and biological properties are described of two potyviruses that were recently isolated from lettuce plants showing mosaic or strong necrotic symptoms in an experimental field in southeastern France. The first potyvirus belongs to the species Endive necrotic mosaic virus and is present in a large number of wild plant species, especially Tragopogon pratensis. It is unable to infect lettuce cultivars with a resistance to Turnip mosaic virus that is present in many European cultivars and probably conferred by the Tu gene. The second potyvirus belongs to the tentative species lettuce Italian necrotic virus and was not observed in wild plants. It infected all tested lettuce cultivars. Wild accessions of Lactuca serriola, Lactuca saligna, Lactuca virosa and Lactuca perennis were identified as resistant to one or the other potyvirus and could be used for resistance breeding in lettuce. No resistance against these two potyviruses was observed in the tested Cichorium endivia cultivars. In contrast, all tested Cichorium intybus cultivars or accessions were resistant.     

Milking performance evaluation and factors affecting milking claw vacuum levels with flow simulator

Milking performance of milking machines that matches the production capability of dairy cows is important in reducing the risk of mastitis, particularly in high‐producing cows. This study used a simulated milking device to examine the milking performance of the milking system of 73 dairy farms and to analyze the factors affecting claw vacuum. Mean claw vacuum and range of fluctuation of claw vacuum (claw vacuum range) were measured at three different flow rates: 5.7, 7.6 and 8.7 kg/min. At the highest flow rate, only 16 farms (21.9%) met both standards of mean claw vacuum ≥35 kPa and claw vacuum range ≤ 7 kPa, showing that milking systems currently have poor milking performance. The factors affecting mean claw vacuum were claw type, milk‐meter and vacuum shut‐off device; the factor affecting claw vacuum range was claw type. Examination of the milking performance of the milking system using a simulated milking device allows an examination of the performance that can cope with high producing cows, indicating the possibility of reducing the risk of mastitis caused by inappropriate claw vacuum.     

热带大西洋拟锥齿鲨资源动态和空间分布研究

拟锥齿鲨是热带大西洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔业中较为常见的兼捕物种,处于海洋生态系统的顶端,对维持海洋生态系统的稳定性和多样性起着非常重要的作用。根据我国金枪鱼渔业国家观察员2010—2015年在热带大西洋海域调查时收集的1 561尾拟锥齿鲨数据,对其资源动态和空间分布进行了初步分析,结果表明:在研究的海域内(6.33°S~17.43°N,18.25°W~42.03°W),拟锥齿鲨CPUE高的区域为5°N~10°N,20°W~30°W;2010—2015年CPUE呈现波动,整体有上升的趋势,但不显著;软骨鱼类占总渔获物的比例整体呈下降趋势;拟锥齿鲨兼捕数量占总渔获的5.8%,占兼捕软骨鱼类的22.5%;拟锥齿鲨在12月—3月的平均CPUE较高。拟锥齿鲨最大叉长组(叉长范围在85~90 cm)的个体多分布在5°N~7.5°N,27.5°W~37.5°W和5°N~0°,25°W~30°W这两个区域。拟锥齿鲨理论钩获深度范围为140~313 m,平均深度为221 m。1、2、3钩位(140~212 m)的上钩频率最大,占总上钩率的55.59%。10月至次年4月不同月份拟锥齿鲨的钩位分布没有显著性的差异。妊娠期拟锥齿鲨明显分布于较浅的水层。不同钩位拟锥齿鲨的摄食等级无显著性差异。