Gap-filling techniques for the annual sums of nitrous oxide fluxes

The full accounting of greenhouse gas emissions is only possible when the three key contributors (CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O) are continuously measured throughout the observation period. While some field techniques such as eddy covariance or automatic closed chamber measurements have attempted near-continuous observations, it is always beyond the control of the experimentalist to ensure perfect continuity. Therefore, the final time series of fluxes will inevitably have periods without reliable values (i.e., gaps) and will need to be gap-filled. While there is abundant literature on methodologies for gap-filling CO₂ fluxes, there is no literature on the gap-filling methods for trace gases such as nitrous oxide. We investigate three general approaches for gap-filling nitrous oxide time series: linear extrapolation, moving average and look-up tables. A five-year time-series of eddy-covariance measurements from an intensive grassland site in South-Western Ireland was used as an example. The amount of gaps varied significantly from year to year. The single-year look-up table technique produced consistently good results even when long gaps were present in the time series. In some years, the simpler annual extrapolation technique performed equally well. It is essential that this work be extended with more complex methods, and that methods in this paper are further evaluated under different environmental conditions. We believe that these methods and analysis could also be applied to other trace gas gap-filling (e.g., CH₄) which have similar intermittent patterns of emission.     

冬小麦冠层对入射光合有效辐射吸收比例的估算方法评价

目前研究估算作物冠层对入射光合有效辐射的吸收比例 (fAPAR)时多采用冠层光能截获效率 (fIPAR)、冠层叶面积指数 (LAI) 和Beer-Lambert法则、冠层光谱植被指数等信息。该文以冬小麦为例,利用田间观测数据序列 (包括冠层LAI、冠层fIPAR和冠层光谱特性等方面)对各种fAPAR估算方法进行了较为全面的总结、分析、评价,以明确各法的优势和不足,为今后相关研究提供参考。结果表明,冬小麦营养生长期内fAPAR与fIPAR值较为接近,而冬小麦生殖生长期内二者差异显著;整个研究时段内,利用fIPAR估算的fAPAR结果较好;根据叶面积指数和Beer-Lambert法则估算的fAPAR在抽穗至腊熟期间结果偏小,原因在于该法不能体现穗部对光合有效辐射的有效吸收;直接借用文献记载的fAPAR～NDVI（归一化差值植被指数）函数关系估算的fAPAR在冬小麦营养生长阶段及生殖生长季末期均明显偏大。此外,通过将fAPAR与NDVI、比值植被指数 (RVI)、土壤调整植被指数 (SAVI)、修改型土壤调整植被指数 (MSAVI)等常用植被指数进行相关性分析,发现fAPAR与NDVI的相关关系最强,基于田间数据证实了采用NDVI估算fAPAR的合理性。     

Practical technologies for irrigation flow control and measurement

Practical technologies can encourage farmers to adopt practices that support sustainable irrigated agriculture. Important among these are convenient water measurement and control techniques. Many simple constructions or operating procedures are available that can bring considerable convenience to farmers and irrigation delivery system operators. Some are new technologies and some are improvements on older technologies. Many can be implemented with small expense. Some are superior replacements for current practices. The techniques and devices discussed included: (a) accurate and convenient zero setting for weirs and flumes (b) pressure-transducer field checks, (c) easy-to-use scales for orifice and Venturi meters, (d) flow-profile improvers to assist accurate meter operations in irrigation pipelines, (e) floor sills and wave suppressors for canals that usually flow at variable depths of flow, (f) water surface slope measurements–based on static-pressure tubes, and (g) field checks of flow velocity profiles to evaluate flow conditioning using rising-bubble techniques for flow-profile visualization. Many of the concepts are demonstrated in a summary illustration showing several items in a typical stilling well and broad-crested weir (long-throated flume) that need attention, and offers suggestions for correcting the deficiencies.     

树冠遮挡条件下全站仪测量树高及材积方法

树高、材积是森林调查中最重要的测树因子,对森林资源调查和林业科学研究有着重要的意义。为了解决林区遮挡条件下无法精确量测树高进而无法确定单木材积的问题,该研究运用全站仪进行森林样地外业数据采集,对内蒙古赤峰市旺业甸林场的188株落叶松和146株白桦进行量测。对每一株立木分别量测胸径、最高可观测处干径和该处距地面的距离以及这2处之间的中间位置的干径和该处距地面的距离,然后分别利用相似三角形法、简单生长经验方程法和孔兹干曲线方程法估算出树高及材积。试验的最高可观测的位置做了以下4种情况的假设:1/3树高、1/2树高、2/3树高和9/10树高。对这4种情况分别求得树高及材积,最后分别对其进行精度分析,得到随着最高可观测部分的增高以及观测点数的增加,测算出的树高及材积会越来越精准。其中运用生长经验方程,测算树高和材积的精度都能达到70%~80%;运用孔兹干曲线法测算树高和材积的精度都能达到70%~90%。该方法可用于林区遮挡条件下单株立木材积的测量,对实际生产有一定的参考意义。     

基于遥感与多变量概率抽样调查的作物种植面积测量

针对传统抽样调查工作中调查基础资料时效性不高和野外调查工作量较大等问题,该文提出了一种遥感与MPPS(multivariate probability proportional to size)抽样调查相结合的农作物种植面积测量方法。利用第2次农业普查数据进行抽样框的编制;利用时序中分辨率遥感数据进行农作物种植面积的分类;在中分辨率遥感分类图的基础上进行MPPS抽样;采用高空间分辨率遥感数据对抽选样本进行面向对象的分类;根据MPPS抽样方法进行总体农作物种植面积的推断;计算CV值,评价抽样精度,以国家统计局公布数据为标准进行总体面积精度评价。以辽宁省北镇市为研究区对该方法进行了测试。结果显示,该方法能够有效的提取县级农作物种植面积,农作物种植面积提取精度优于92%。     

水产养殖参数无线测量网络的长生命周期研究

在水产养殖参数的无线测控网络中,测量节点能耗不均匀,个别节点由于能耗大过早失效,降低了网络的有效生命周期。该文对采用平面路由协议和低能量自适应分群分层路由协议(LEACH)的测控网络进行对比试验,发现采用LEACH协议网络的有效生命周期延长19%以上。在LEACH协议的水质参数测量网络中存在2个缺陷:一方面无线测控网络中每个簇的簇首功耗远远大于普通节点,LEACH协议通过等概率随机选择簇首部分改善了节点能耗的均衡性,但水产养殖参数监控中每个簇首功耗不同,为此在LEACH优化协议中依据节点剩余能量的多少选择簇首,使节点的剩余能量更趋均衡;另一方面水产养殖池中距离基站较远的节点容易提前失效,主要是因为监控面积大,簇首节点与基站采用单跳通信,远距离节点被选为簇首后向基站发送数据通信距离远,路径损耗采用多路径衰落信道模型,衰减指数为4。在优化协议中,对远距离簇首与基站通信采用双跳通信,使路径损耗采用自由空间信道模型,衰减指数为2。试验表明,无线传感网络有效生命周期延长了8%,各节点失效时间更趋接近。     

圆形多轴多旋翼电动无人机辅助授粉作业参数优选

圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机与单轴单旋翼无人直升机相比,结构上有很大差异,因而其旋翼所产生气流到达作物冠层后形成的风场参数亦有所不同。该文采用3种圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机,根据正交试验设计法设计了3因素(飞行高度、飞行速度以及飞机与负载质量)3水平的正交试验,通过考察平行于飞行方向(X)、垂直于飞行方向(Y)、垂直地面(Z)3个方向上的峰值风速、Y向风场宽度(越宽越好)、动力电池的压降(放电越慢越好)3个指标,对该机型用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数进行优选,试验结果分析表明:圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机在水稻冠层形成的X向风场宽度明显大于Y向的风场宽度;有别于单旋翼无人直升机,圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机X向风场只有1个峰值风速中心,Y向风场存在2个峰值风速中心,这一现象主要由飞行器多个旋翼的侧向气流叠加形成,相互之间存在干扰,而且也影响了Y向风场的有效宽度。在实际应用中,对于能实现GPS自主导航飞行的机型,应根据作业的便利程度尽量利用X向的风力,更有益于辅助授粉作业;而对于未采用GPS自主导航飞行的机型,为便于飞控手对飞机位置的判断与姿态操控而必须沿父本行方向进行飞行作业时(即利用Y向风力),应充分考虑垂直于飞行方向风场宽度较窄的实际情况,通过降低作业效率来弥补。圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机在水稻冠层所形成风场的峰值风速主要受飞机的飞行速度、飞机与负载质量、飞行高度影响。结合有效风场宽度及电池电量消耗程度来考量,3种主要因素的主次排序及其较优水平依次为飞行速度1.30 m/s、飞机与负载质量18.85 kg和飞行高度2.40 m。该结果可为其他圆形多轴多旋翼无人直升机用于水稻制种辅助授粉的田间作业参数设置提供参考,而且也可为制定基于农用无人直升机的水稻制种辅助授粉作业技术规范提供依据。     

汶川震区滑坡堆积体体积三维激光扫描仪测量与计算方法

2008年5.12汶川8级地震形成的大量松散滑坡堆积体,破坏农用地,损毁农田基础设施,对震区农业经济造成重大损失,严重威胁震区农业生产安全。本研究所选震区典型滑坡堆积体位于汶川县草坡乡,采用三维激光扫描仪实地测量滑坡堆积体,构建滑坡堆积体几何模型,计算滑坡堆积体体积。扫描仪到滑坡堆积体前、后缘的距离分别为25.74和79.00 m,距离扫描仪200 m处的扫描精度为20.0 cm×20.0 cm。根据扫描得到的滑坡堆积体点云数据,采用特征值法拟合近似滑坡堆积体的坡面、滑动面,构建滑坡堆积体几何模型。计算得到该滑坡堆积体体积为19 018 m3。建立了使用三维激光扫描仪测量和计算滑坡堆积体体积的方法。这种测量与计算方法可为地震受损农用地灾后的土地整理提供重要依据。     

EXCLOSURE LAND MANAGEMENT FOR RESTORATION OF THE SOILS IN DEGRADED COMMUNAL GRAZING LANDS IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA

In the northern highlands of Ethiopia, establishment of exclosures to restore degraded communal grazing lands has been practiced for the past three decades. However, empirical data on the effectiveness of exclosures in restoring degraded soils are lacking. We investigated the influence of exclosure age on degree of restoration of degraded soil and identified easily measurable biophysical and management‐related factors that can be used to predict soil nutrient restoration. We selected replicated (n = 3) 5‐, 10‐, 15‐, and 20‐year‐old exclosures and paired each exclosure with samples from adjacent communal grazing lands. All exclosures showed higher total soil nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and cation exchange capacity than the communal grazing lands. The differences varied between 2·4 (±0·61) and 6·9 (±1·85) Mg ha⁻¹ for the total N stock and from 17 (±3) to 39 (±7) kg ha⁻¹ for the available P stock. The differences in N and P increased with exclosure age. In exclosures, much of the variability in soil N (R² = 0·64) and P (R² = 0·71) stocks were explained by a combination of annual average precipitation, woody biomass, and exclosure age. Precipitation and vegetation canopy cover also explained much of the variability in soil N (R² = 0·74) and P (R² = 0·52) stocks in communal grazing lands. Converting degraded communal grazing lands into exclosures is a viable option to restore degraded soils. Our results also confirm that the possibility to predict the changes in soil nutrient content after exclosure establishment using regression models is based on field measurements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

雷州黑鸭血液生化性状与体尺性状、肉品质性状间的相关性分析

为研究雷州黑鸭血液生化性状及其与体尺和肉质性状间的关系,随机选取12只300日龄雷州黑鸭（公、母各半）进行测定分析。结果显示：谷丙转氨酶（GPT）与骨盘宽呈显著性正相关,乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）与肌肉粗蛋白含量与半潜水长均呈极显著相关,与蒸煮损失率与胸宽呈显著相关,肌肉pH、胸宽与骨盘宽均呈显著性正相关,胸宽和骨盘宽均和半潜水长呈极显著正相关。典型相关分析结果为：血液生化性状跟体尺性状和肉品质性状间的第1个典型相关系数分别为0.874（P<0.05）、0.901（P<0.05）,分别占2组性状总相关信息的81.2%和90.6%,体尺性状和肉品质性状间的第1个典型相关系数为0.901（P<0.05）,占2组性状总相关信息的75.4%。结果表明,在3组性状中LDH、胸宽、半潜水长、肌肉pH和肌肉粗蛋白含量起主要作用,血液生化性状和肉质性状在3组性状间的相关性最高。