Reciprocal adjustments between landforms and living organisms: Extended geomorphic evolutionary insights

Whilst biological organisms adapt to the environment, earth surface processes and landforms evolve as a result of physicochemical processes, and as the result of the activity of certain living organisms defined as ‘ecosystem engineers’. The importance of long- and short-term impacts on geomorphic structures and processes by ecosystem engineers appears to be underestimated. Recent recognition of complex abiotic–biotic feedbacks in nature has resulted in a convergence of approaches in ecology and geomorphology. Present biogeomorphic knowledge supports the hypothesis that abiotic–biotic feedbacks create characteristic modulated patterns of earth surface landforms, adjusting according to biological evolution in the long term and to ecological succession in the short term. In this context, natural selection of organisms and ecological successions are considered to have the potential, in some cases, for extension to the physical world, including earth surface landforms. This perspective aims to contribute to the disruption of the ‘classical’ dichotomy between abiotic–biotic compartments because it emphasizes reciprocal adjustments (i.e., feedback mechanisms) between living organisms and abiotic environment dynamics. The extended evolutionary perspective, that is intended to feed back to ecology and evolutionary biology, indicates the potential for change in our deep understanding of geomorphology to reflect evolutionary and ecological succession theories.     

手扶式山地牧草收割机总体设计与效益分析

通过理论分析和田间试验,对手扶式山地牧草收割机的工作原理、结构特点、技术参数及经济效益进行了分析.该机结构简单,回转半径小,耗油低,整机通过性好,经济效益显著,可实现山地、梯田、套种田等地段的牧草收割.     

焉耆盆地气候变化和人类活动对生态系统服务价值的影响研究

环境变化下的生态服务功能研究,对生态环境与社会经济持续发展具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。本文以新疆焉耆盆地作为研究对象,基于Landsat遥感影像数据、DEM数据和气象要素数据,运用非参数气候变化突变点检验(MK,Mann-Kendall-Sneyers test)、趋势分析方法(Mann-Kendall,MK),通过计算生态服务价值(ESV)和土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)动态度,对新疆焉耆盆地近40 a(1973—2014年)生态服务功能的变化及其驱动因素进行了分析。结果显示:1)生态系统服务价值和功能的变化是气候变化和人类活动共同作用的结果;2)山区冰川面积的缩小是山区生态服务价值减少的主要原因;3)平原区的生态系统服务价值以2004年为转折点呈现先减少后增加的趋势,整个研究区的生态服务价值分别为1973年85.86×108元、1977年94.46×108元、1994年84.15×108元、2004年89.40×108元和2014年96.47×108元,这与降水量和蒸发量变化趋势吻合。人类活动如长期开垦、扩大绿洲面积和有益的气候变化支撑(降水量增加、蒸发量减少)是平原区生态服务价值增加的主要原因。在山区,生态服务价值随着降水量、蒸发量的变化而变化,在绿洲区生态服务价值的变化是人类开荒耕地、还林、还耕,以及人工栽培芦苇等活动和气候变暖共同作用的结果。     

生态脆弱区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响——以贵州北盘江大峡谷国家湿地公园为例

以贵州北盘江大峡谷国家湿地公园为研究对象,基于实地调查和ArcGIS探讨了湿地公园规划建设前后土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响,并对影响生态系统服务价值的关键因素进行敏感性分析。结果表明:湿地公园规划建设前后,研究区林地面积大量增加,耕地和其他土地面积减少,导致生态系统总服务价值由15520.71万元增加到16857.40万元,增幅达8.61%;敏感性分析结果均小于1,表明生态系统服务价值具有稳健性。     

西藏巴结湿地生态系统特征及其保护对策

通过对水文、土壤、植被、动物等方面的野外调查、测量和试验研究,探讨了湿地生态特征和退化机理,并提出了加强西藏林芝地区湿地生态系统的保护对策。     

Combining an ecological model with remote sensing and GIS techniques to monitor soil water content of croplands with a monsoon climate

Soil water is an important factor affecting photosynthesis, transpiration, growth, and yield of crops. Accurate information on soil water content (SWC) is crucial for practical agricultural water management at various scales. In this study, remotely sensed parameters (leaf area index, land cover type, and albedo) and spatial data manipulated using the geographic information system (GIS) technique were assimilated into the boreal ecosystem productivity simulator (BEPS) model to monitor SWC dynamics of croplands in Jiangsu Province, China. The monsoon climate here is characterized by large interannual and seasonal variability of rainfall causing periods of high and low SWC. Model validation was conducted by comparing simulated SWC with measurements by a gravimetric method in the years 2005 and 2006 at nine agro-meteorological stations. The model-to-measurement R² values ranged from 0.40 to 0.82. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values were in the range from 0.10 to 0.80. Root mean square error (RMSE) values ranged from 0.028 to 0.056 m³ m⁻³. Simulated evapotranspiration (ET) was consistent with ET estimated from pan evaporation measurements. The BEPS model successfully tracked the dynamics and extent of the serious soil water deficit that occurred during September-November 2006. These results demonstrate the applicability of combining process-based models with remote sensing and GIS techniques in monitoring SWC of croplands and improving agricultural water management at regional scales in a monsoon climate.     

土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响——以广东省肇庆市鼎湖区为例

应用1991、1999、2006年3期LandsatTM影像解译数据,在Constanza生态系统服务价值理论基础上,确定单位面积生态系统服务价值系数,研究了广东省肇庆市鼎湖区1991～2006年土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明,鼎湖区生态系统服务功能价值净增52.6×106元,增加率为5.17%,基塘用地的大幅增加是主要原因;生态系统单项功能服务价值中,气候调节、水源涵养、废物处理、娱乐文化服务价值在增加,气体调节、土壤形成与保护、食物生产、原材料生产、生物多样性保护等服务价值在减少。