关中东部设施农业气候资源分布及变化特征

采用陕西关中东部11站1961—2006年的气象资料,运用气候倾向率方法,分析了设施农业气候资源分布状况及其变化特征。结果表明,关中东部设施农业生产季节（当年11月-次年3月）,气温总体上呈东南高西北低的区域分布格局,热量资源是增加的趋势;降水资源最丰富的中心在华县和潼关,最少的地方在澄城、合阳、大荔和蒲城,降水量呈减少的趋势;日照资源最丰富的中心在澄城县,相对最少的地方在华县,其变化特征为：整体上南部为减少的趋势,北部为增加的趋势。在设施农业发展布局方面,北部的澄城、合阳光照资源十分丰富,只要解决好保温防冻和灌溉问题,设施农业发展的潜力很大。     

河西走廊东部麦红吸浆虫发生的气象预测

以河西走廊东部1998—2007年麦红吸浆虫和气象资料为基础,分析了麦红吸浆虫的发生关键期、动态和气象成因,运用SPSS统计软件建立了气象预测模型。结果表明：（1）影响河西走廊东部麦红吸浆虫发生的主要气象因子是温度和水分,特别是后冬（2月）温度越低麦红吸浆虫破茧、化蛹、成虫始见越迟;2—5月水分因子促进麦红吸浆虫的发生发展;10cm地温与麦红吸浆虫的活动相关性显著,10cm地温指标高于平原地区渡河两岸6～8℃。（2）麦红吸浆虫越冬基数受9月平均最低温度制约显著。（3）1月极端最低地温和6月中旬-7月上句平均气温是影响当年麦红吸浆虫发生面积的前期和后期的主要气象影响因子。     

滇中亚高山典型森林林下植被碳氮储量及其分配格局

通过标准地调查和生物量实测相结合的方法,对滇中亚高山5种典型森林华山松(HSS)、云南松(YNS)、滇油杉(DYS)、高山栎(GSL)和常绿阔叶林(CL)林下植被(灌木层、草本层和凋落物层)各组分生物量、碳氮储量及其分配格局进行了研究。结果表明:(1)在5种森林群落中,林下灌木、草本和凋落物生物量变幅为1.47～11.19t/hm2,0.01～0.63t/hm2,7.85～46.73t/hm2。(2)灌木层的碳氮储量变幅在0.77～5.94tC/hm2,10.97～92.84kgN/hm2,碳氮储量的主要营养器官分别为茎和叶;草本层为0.01～0.29tC/hm2,0.07～5.35kgN/hm2,均呈现出地上部分>地下部分;凋落物为2.15～13.03tC/hm2,42.07～320.58kgN/hm2,碳氮储量随分解程度加深各有不同。(3)5种林分林下灌草及凋落物碳储量大小顺序为:CL>YNS>DYS>HSS>GSL;氮储量为:CL>YNS>DYS>GSL>HSS。综上,常绿阔叶林和云南松林下灌草和凋落物具有较高的碳氮贮能力,滇油杉的碳氮贮潜力较大,应提高林分质量增加林分密度,加大保护管理力度,制定科学可行的森林管理措施,为林下植被与上层林木的协同发展以及今后研究林下植被对于全球气候变化的响应提供理论支撑。     

基于气候生产潜力的云南人粮关系及其未来变化

基于云南117个气象站1961?2015年观测实况及全球气候模式模拟的2016?2055年年平均气温、降水量数据,使用Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算并分析云南各地气候生产潜力（Tspv）的时空变化特征,构建并计算Tspv的人口承载力（Tspv-人口承载力）和气候承载力指数。结果表明：（1）云南Tspv呈现明显的纬向分布及垂直分布特征,总体表现为南部高于北部,低海拔地区高于高海拔地区,降水是云南Tspv主要限制因子;（2）1961-2015年全省Tspv仅滇西的部分地区显著增加,滇中局部等地显著减少,其余地区变化不显著,全省平均Tspv年际波动大,在2009年前后发生突变;（3）2006-2015年云南人均粮食供应稳定增长,接近或超过小康型粮食需求,耕地的人口承载力（耕地,人口承载力）逐年增加,但远低于Tspv-人口承载力,即使在极端减产年,Tspv-人口承载力水平仍能满足当前人口、耕地规模下富裕型粮食需求,人粮关系状态为盈余;（4）如果保持现有稳定的人口、耕地及生产力水平增幅,未来不同的排放情景下,云南Tspv及Tspv-人口承载力都将稳定增加,人粮关系状态以粮食盈余为主,且高排放情景下承载力和人粮关系状态水平均优于低排放情景。     

云南普洱茶感官品质与内含成份关系研究

在云南不同地区选择具有一定生产规模的5家云南普洱茶生产企业,到厂现场进行普洱饼茶随机取样,共取样6个;在云南省农业科学院茶叶研究所进行感官审评,在云南农业大学普洱茶学院进行内含成份分析,研究云南普洱茶感官品质与内含成份的关系,为云南普洱茶的规范生产和持续健康发展提供参考。结果表明：水浸出物含量的高低直接影响普洱茶的品质,并与普洱茶的汤色、浓度、滋味密切相关;茶多酚含量相对较高的茶样其感官品质均高于茶多酚含量相对较低的茶样;咖啡碱含量和糖类物质含量对云南普洱茶的感官品质的影响不是主要因子,但可以适度增进云南普洱茶的内质。     

云南枇杷野生种质资源叶片性状多样性分析

对147份云南枇杷野生资源叶片表型性状进行了调查分析,结果表明,这一群体枇杷种质资源的叶姿、叶形、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶形指数、叶背茸毛、叶面形态、叶片横切面形状、叶面光泽、叶片颜色等性状均存在丰富的多样性。其中,叶背无茸毛的种质占77.62%,初步断定这个群体中的多数种质不是普通枇杷类型。     

Livestock water productivity in mixed crop–livestock farming systems of the Blue Nile basin: Assessing variability and prospects for improvement

Water scarcity is a major factor limiting food production. Improving Livestock Water Productivity (LWP) is one of the approaches to address those problems. LWP is defined as the ratio of livestock’s beneficial outputs and services to water depleted in their production. Increasing LWP can help achieve more production per unit of water depleted. In this study we assess the spatial variability of LWP in three farming systems (rice-based, millet-based and barley-based) of the Gumera watershed in the highlands of the Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. We collected data on land use, livestock management and climatic variables using focused group discussions, field observation and secondary data. We estimated the water depleted by evapotranspiration (ET) and beneficial animal products and services and then calculated LWP. Our results suggest that LWP is comparable with crop water productivity at watershed scales. Variability of LWP across farming systems of the Gumera watershed was apparent and this can be explained by farmers’ livelihood strategies and prevailing biophysical conditions. In view of the results there are opportunities to improve LWP: improved feed sourcing, enhancing livestock productivity and multiple livestock use strategies can help make animal production more water productive. Attempts to improve agricultural water productivity, at system scale, must recognize differences among systems and optimize resources use by system components.     

Reproductive seasonality in a swamp-locked African cichlid

Abstract –  This study quantified the seasonal pattern of reproduction in a swamp-dwelling population of the African cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae. In the hypoxic waters of the Lwamunda Swamp, Uganda, P. multicolor was reproductively active throughout the year, even during the peak of the dry seasons. However, the degree of activity was seasonal, with rainfall providing a predictor of the percentage of ripe, mature females. There was no correlation between aquatic oxygen availability dissolved oxygen (DO) and either adjusted mean gonad mass or percentage of mature females, suggesting that DO is not limiting reproductive activity in this system. Reproductively mature females were larger during drier periods and may maximise their lifetime reproductive success by producing young throughout the year; but with a lower brooding efficiency. A comparison with Welcomme's (1969) study of a river-swamp system feeding Lake Victoria suggests that reproductive patterning is variable among populations of P. multicolor and may reflect adaptive response to chronically hypoxic conditions in the Lwamunda Swamp.     

Establishing an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia

Acid deposition is widely recognized as one of the most serious international atmospheric pollution problems. East Asian countries are currently experiencing acid deposition and have only recently begun expanding domestic research and monitoring activities. However, acid deposition is not only a domestic but also a transboundary problem. In addressing the transboundary aspect, cooperative and collaborative action will be essential. The Environment Agency of Japan is advocating the need to establish an acid deposition monitoring network in East Asia. Therefore, it is sponsoring three Expert Meetings on Acid Precipitation Monitoring Network in East Asia between 1993 and 1995. The meetings are attended by both scientific researchers and government officials from numerous East Asian countries. At the administrative and scientific discussions of the first two meetings a consensus on the desirability of establishing a monitoring network in East Asia was obtained and a preliminary technical guideline manual for monitoring acid deposition was adopted. By the end of the third meeting it is hoped that a basic consensus can be reached on a framework for an East Asian acid deposition monitoring network. It is essential to establish such a network in order to evaluate the present state of acid deposition in the region and to reach a common scientific understanding on the acid deposition problem. This is a vital step toward promoting international cooperation on the issue.     

云南玉米需水规律及灌溉效应的试验研究

基于玉米苗期控水试验和玉米需水量田间试验，分析研究了土壤含水量和灌溉对出苗率、成活率、有效株数和玉米产量经济性状的影响，得到了云南玉米生长季内各月平均日需水量和玉米作物系数。研究认为，苗期灌溉或降水条件好能确保基本的有效株数，促进营养生长；在光照条件好但干旱缺水年份，灌溉的增产效益十分突出；但在干旱缺水影响较小的条件下，玉米灌溉的增产效益并不显著。