Enhanced detection of infectious salmon anaemia virus using a low‐speed centrifugation technique in three fish cell lines

Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA), caused by ISA virus (ISAV), is a serious disease of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Recently, molecular‐ and immunofluorescent‐based techniques have become powerful diagnostic tools for ISAV detection, but culture‐based techniques remain the gold standard. A disadvantage of ISAV culture is that the incubation time required before cytopathic effect (CPE) is observed in cell monolayers. To decrease time until CPE is observed, a low‐speed centrifugation technique was applied to existing standard operating procedures for ISAV culture in three fish cell lines. Time until CPE observation was compared in CHSE, SHK and ASK cells, treated or not treated with low‐speed centrifugation after inoculation with ISAV. Low‐speed centrifugation treatment significantly enhanced observable cell infection. Compared to control cells, the length of time until ISAV CPE observation decreased in centrifuged ASK and CHSE cells. Low‐speed centrifugation was also incorporated into a modified clinical shell vial assay. At 48 h post‐inoculation with approximately 20 viral particles, ISAV was detected by an immunofluorescence antibody test in treated ASK and SHK1 cells but not in control cells. Finally, this enhanced viral adsorption assay performed in ASK cells demonstrated higher sensitivity than a real‐time RT‐PCR assay performed on RNA isolated from ISAV‐spiked salmon kidney homogenates.     

Diving behavior of immature, feeding Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus orientalis) in relation to season and area: the East China Sea and the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region

Twenty‐four archival tags were recovered from Pacific bluefin tuna previously released off Tsushima Island in the East China Sea. By analysis of the time‐series data of the pressure and the ambient and internal temperature from the 24 tags, we examined the relationship between the tuna's pattern of diving and the thermocline depth. In the East China Sea, diving and feeding events occurred throughout almost the entire day in both winter and summer, suggesting that the purpose of diving is for feeding. In summer, the feeding frequency was greater than that in winter, which corresponds to the fact that growth is more rapid in summer than in winter. During summer in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region, on the other hand, feeding events were much more frequent than those in the East China Sea, in spite of a lower diving frequency. The mean horizontal distance traveled was also significantly higher and it seems that in this area they may move horizontally to feed on prey accumulated at the surface. We conclude that, in addition to the ambient temperature structure, the vertical and horizontal distribution of prey species plays an important role in the feeding behavior of Pacific bluefin tuna. One bluefin tuna migrated to the Oyashio frontal area, where both the horizontal and the vertical thermal gradients are much steeper. The fish spent most of the time on the warmer side of the front and often traveled horizontally to the colder side during the day, perhaps to feed. This implies that there is a thermal barrier effect, in this case from the Oyashio front, on their behavior. The frequency of feeding events was low, although all the monitored fish dived every dawn and dusk, irrespective of the seasons or location. It is possible that these twice‐daily diving patterns occurred in response to the change in ambient light at sunrise and sunset.     

Components of resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in eight South AmericanSolanum species

Four components of partial resistance toPhytophthora infestans were measured after inoculation in the greenhouse and in the field ofSolanum arnezii x hondelmannii, S. berthaultii, S. circaeifolium, S. leptophyes, S. microdontum, S. sparsipilum, S. sucrense andS. vernei, and four hybrid progenies ofS. microdontum withS. tuberosum. The four components were infection efficiency, lesion growth rate, generation time and sporulation capacity. The results were compared with resistance ratings derived from field experiments, and with observations made on the potato cultivars Bintje, Bildstar, Libertas and Pimpernel. Genetic variation for all components was found, while the relative importance of the components of partial resistance appeared to vary between the species. InS. microdontum, generation time, infection efficiency and lesion growth rate, and inS. tuberosum infection efficiency, lesion growth rate and sporulation capacity appeared positively associated, but in other species no such association was found. A strong hypersensitive reaction, the expression of which appeared to depend on environmental conditions, was found inS. microdontum. ForS. berthaultii, infection efficiency appeared to be the main resistance component.Abbreviations ADPC area under the disease progress curve - IE infection efficiency - LGR lesion growth rate - GT generation time - SC sporulation capacity     

城市绿化中的大树移植

随着人们对环境的重视,城市的绿化工作变得越来越重要。在绿化工程中,栽植大量的苗木,其中不乏一些大规格得苗木,规格大的苗木在绿化中,有见效快、效果好的特点,所以在将来的绿化工程中,会有更多的大树被应用。根据不同地区,选择不同的大树,不但可以起到绿化效果,还能保证苗木的成活率。在起挖和栽植时,应对大苗进行特殊处理,保证其成活率,后期的养护管理也是保证苗木成活的关键。     

膜下滴灌条件下“花育”系列花生品种主要农艺性状和产量分析

[目的]在膜下滴灌条件下,分析我国"花育"系列花生的主要农艺性状和产量潜力,为"十三五"新疆花生新品种选育提供核心亲本材料。[方法]采用田间试验与室内分析相结合的方法对16个"花育"系列花生品种进行系统研究,并对不同品种的主茎高、侧枝长、单株结果数、百果重、百仁重、荚果长、荚果宽等主要农艺性状和产量进行比较与分析。[结果]在膜下滴灌栽培条件下,"花育"系列花生品种的各个农艺性状得到充分发挥,其表现要优于在山东地区的种植,产量均有一定程度的提高,但不同品种之间在农艺性状和产量上也存在着一定的差异。其中,花育22号、花育28号和花育50号的单株生产力较高,花育33号和花育50号的产量较高,且综合性状表现优良。[结论]在新疆花生高产育种中,花育33号和花育50号可作为骨干亲本重点使用,并且在膜下滴灌条件下,其产量潜力还可进一步挖掘。     

水稻栽培因素对北方粳稻产量及米质的影响[Ⅵ]--穗肥追肥时间对产量及米质的影响

通过田间对比试验研究穗肥追施时间对水稻产量及米质的影响,结果表明,水稻的穗肥追施时间越晚,加工品质越好,而产量和食味品质明显降低.这种趋势以出穗前25 d为准,有跳跃式的质的变化.所以为了提高产量和增加食味品质,水稻的穗肥追肥时间不应晚于出穗前25 d.     

正交多项式在概率密度研究中的应用

应用正交多项式理论，对于连续型随机变量的概率密度，给出了广义Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ级数展开式的概念及其求法，并提供了杭州市月平均风速Ｗｅｉｂｕｌ分布近似计算实例     

论票据背书连续性的认定及其效力

票据流通主要是通过票据转让实现的,我国票据法规定背书是票据转让的唯一方式。科学的认定背书是否连续对于正确认定持票人的票据权利具有十分重要的意义。本文从票据背书连续的概念出发,分析背书连续的认定规则及其相关问题和背书连续性的效力问题。