哈茨木霉T2-16突变体库的构建及突变株表型分析

为了优化高效拮抗生防菌哈茨木霉T2-16的EMS诱变条件,构建哈茨木霉T2-16突变体库,为哈茨木霉功能基因组研究奠定材料基础,以哈茨木霉T2-16为试验材料,采用单因素试验以0～0.6 mol·L^-1 EMS溶液分别处理不同浓度孢子0～6 h,明确适于哈茨木霉诱变的EMS最佳浓度、处理时间和孢子浓度。以最适参数诱变处理野生型菌株,进行生长势、拮抗能力和生防效果比较。结果显示,0.4 mol·L^-1 EMS溶液处理浓度为10⁶ ·mL^-1的孢子4 h,其致死率接近70%,诱变效果最佳。经生长势、拮抗能力和生防效果比较发现,生长势呈正向突变占有率达46.20%,其中,16株突变菌株拮抗作用明显增强,T42和T62的生防效果分别高出野生型菌株31.64%和27.91%,为研究哈茨木霉与生防相关的功能基因打下基础。     

EMS诱变刺荞的形态突变体鉴定与分析

为构建苦荞EMS突变体库和为苦荞功能基因组学研究准备基础材料,利用化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS）诱变处理刺荞种子,对获得的M₂代材料进行生物学性状与农艺性状鉴定,并对部分M₂代材料播种家系进行验证。对M₂代全生育期田间表型进行观察鉴定,共获得480份突变体材料,包括子粒、叶片、茎秆及生育期等生物学特性与主要农艺性状突变体,变异类型丰富,尤其是首次发现了子粒多棱苦荞新材料,并发现了自然突变中少见的变异类型,如子粒开裂等变异类型。所构建的刺荞EMS突变群体较理想,可望有效用于苦荞功能基因组研究和苦荞遗传改良。     

EMS处理对豇豆生长发育的影响

为了使EMS诱变在豇豆育种中发挥最佳效果,获得优质的诱变材料,对豇豆品种‘天畅9号’、‘银豇王’进行了3种EMS浓度、3种处理时间的诱导处理,并对当代的种子萌发、幼苗生长、植株主要农艺性状及生化指标的变化进行研究。结果表明:EMS能导致豇豆种子的发芽力和生长速率下降,叶片变小,而种子浸出液电导率、幼苗SOD活性及可溶性蛋白质含量增加;对银豇王的叶绿素含量、一级分枝数、结荚性有增加倾向,而天畅9号表现相反。处理剂量以浓度0.3%EMS、时间3~4 h为宜。     

化学诱变剂EMS对白菜型冬油菜‘陇油7号’形态及生理生化的影响

采用不同体积分数化学诱变剂甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理白菜型冬油菜‘陇油7号’种子,研究其发芽率、成苗率及苗期植株形态特征、叶片和根的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白质质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数的变化。结果表明,EMS对油菜‘陇油7号’发芽率和成苗率的抑制作用随浓度增加而增强,0.6%为半致死量;EMS对油菜的生长发育有一定抑制作用,且抑制作用与浓度呈正相关;用一定体积分数的EMS处理油菜种子其抗逆性有增强趋势。     

优良苹果酒酵母的选育

以目前我国应用于葡萄酒及其他果酒的1#,2#,3#,4#,5#酿酒酵母为材料,通过其对苹果汁的发酵能力、发酵特性及发酵所得苹果酒品质的系统试验,筛选出5#为最佳苹果酒酿酒酵母,其发酵的原酒的酒精度可达到113.2mL/L。然后以5#酵母为出发菌株,利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)进行诱变,获得了1株对苹果汁的发酵能力更强、发酵特性更佳和发酵所得苹果酒品质更优的苹果酒酵母E-3,其发酵的原酒的酒精度可达到114.2mL/L,且酒体澄清透明、色泽金黄,具有苹果酒的典型风味。     

EMS处理小麦幼穗的细胞学效应及其对花药培养的影响

本实验采用注射法,以不同浓度的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理春小麦活体植株的幼穗,染色体畸变率和微核率明显提高,而且两者的变化有平行性,再次证明在植物上用微核技术代替染色体畸变分析检测诱变损伤是可行的。本实验还通过花药培养,探讨了这种诱变处理对花粉愈伤组织诱导和幼苗分化的影响,观察到EMS在0.1—0.2％浓度下,染色体畸变率高,而出愈率低,高浓度EMS处理降低了愈伤组织的幼苗分化率,并使白苗数增多。经分析,不同春小麦品种对EMS的反应基本一致,说明EMS的作用有一定的专一性。     

大豆“南农86-4”突变体筛选及突变体库的构建

应用⁶⁰Co γ射线和甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)分别对“南农86-4”大豆种子进行诱变，并构建大豆突变体库。结果在M₃代分别获得40份和145份叶、茎、花、种子、子叶等性状变异的材料。在两种方式诱变的M₃代都获得蛋白质和油含量变化的材料，尤其在EMS诱变的M₃代中获得47份蛋白质含量比对照高5个百分点以上的材料，5份蛋白质和油总含量比对照高5个百分点以上的材料。这些突变体可以作为新的种质资源，构建的突变体库也有助于大豆功能基因组研究的开展。     

An EMS-induced wheat mutant restoring fertility against photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility

Triticum aestivum cv. 'Norin 26' with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm shows photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (PCMS). This alloplasmic line is almost completely male-sterile under long-day conditions (≥ 15h), but highly male-fertile under short-day conditions (≤ 14.5h). To obtain male—fertile mutants against PCMS, seeds of the alloplasmic line were treated with ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). The M₃ generation was evaluated for PCMS expression, and one fertility-restoring (FR-mutant) line showing high male fertility under the long-day conditions was selected. Reciprocal F, hybrids between the FR-mutant and the alloplasmic 'Norin 26' showed male sterility under the long-day conditions, and continuous segregation with respect to the degree of fertility restoration occurred in their F₂ generations. These results indicate that multiple recessive mutations with minor effects, induced in the nuclear genome, are involved in the fertility restoration. In fact, no restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA between the FR-mutant and the alloplasmic 'Norin 26' are found.     

Doubled haploid lines of Brassica carinata with modified erucic acid content through mutagenesis by EMS treatment of isolated microspores

Brassica carinata is a potential oilseed crop for the Mediterranean area. Chemical mutagenesis has been applied to microspores of B. carinata with the purpose of identifying lines with altered erucic acid content. From a population of nearly 400 doubled haploid plants recovered, nine lines have been identified that exhibit promising useful changes in erucic acid concentration in the seed oil. Three lines showed erucic acid contents below 25%, with a minimum of 17.1%, and in six lines the level of this fatty acid was greater than 52%. Changes in other fatty acids are also described and discussed.