Decomposition Dynamics and Nutrient Release Pattern from Leaf Litters of Five Commonly Occurring Homegarden Tree Species in Mizoram,India

Leaf litter decomposition and nutrient release patterns from five common multipurpose tree species—viz., Artocarpus heterophyllus, Mangifera indica, Areca catechu, Citrus sp., and Tamarindus indica, found in homegardens of Mizoram—were evaluated using a litter bag technique. The result of the study indicates a varying pattern of decomposition and nutrient release (N&P) among the species. Citrus sp. and T. indica were found to be the most labile species with comparatively much higher decay constant and faster nutrient release. Initial nitrogen concentration, lignin content, and lignin/N ratio of foliage litter showed significantly higher (p < .01) correlation with the decay coefficient and were found to be the important determinants in the decay process. The initial slow release and immobilization of N in A. heterophyllus and M. indica leaf litter reflect their potential as a source of nitrogen storage and effective mulching material. While litter from T. indica and Citrus sp. can provide the short-term nutrient need, foliage for the other three species may supply the long-term nutrient requirement for the understory crops in such agroforestry systems.     

Ecophysiological and genetic variation in seedling traits and in first-year field performance of eight <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia senegal</Emphasis> provenances in the Blue Nile,Sudan

The genetic variation in seed weight, seed number per kg and seedling traits was compared among eight Acacia senegal provenances originating from the clay plain (east) and sand plains (west) of the gum belt in Sudan. The main objective of this study was to identify germplasm sources of A. senegal that have a good seed germination capacity and seedling traits suitable for reforestation in the clay-soil part of the dryland gum belt in the Blue Nile region in Sudan. A specific objective was to tentatively explore the adaptive strategy of A. senegal populations. Seventeen-week-old seedlings were planted in the field at spacing of 3 m × 3 m, giving 100 trees per plot and replication; within a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental site was in the clay plain region. Seed variables showed significant differences. Clay plain provenances showed considerable variation in seed weight and seed number. They had the smallest seed weight but the highest seed number, while the sand (western) provenances had the largest seed weight but lowest seed number. Seedling branch number, root length, root to shoot ratio and shoot dry weight differed significantly among the provenances 12 weeks after germination. Clay provenances had the highest branch number and shoot dry weight but the shortest roots and lowest root to shoot ratio. This was interpreted as showing better adaptation to the site in these local provenances in comparison to those originating from the western sandy soil regions. High positive correlations were observed between seedling variables, such as root nodule and branch numbers; this could be used for early selection. The variation was greater between provenance groups than within them, suggesting that especially selection among groups would yield genetic gain.     

Seasonal dynamics of mineral N pools and N-mineralization in soils under homegarden trees in South Andaman,India

Agroforestry trees are now well known to play a central role in the build up of nutrients pools and their transformations similar to that of forest ecosystem, however, information on the potential of homegarden trees accumulating and releasing nitrogen (mineralization) is lacking. The present study reports seasonal variations in pool sizes of mineral N (NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N), and net N-mineralization rate in relation to rainfall and temperature under coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt. Nees) trees in a coconut-spice trees plantation for two annual cycles in the equatorial humid climate of South Andaman Island of India. Concentration of NH₄⁺-N was the highest during wet season (May–October) and the lowest during post-wet season (November–January) under all the tree species. On the contrary, concentration of NO₃⁻-N was the lowest in the wet season and the highest during the post-wet season. However, concentrations of the mineral N were the highest under the nutmeg and the lowest under the coconut trees. Like the pool sizes, mean annual mineralization was the highest under the nutmeg (561 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and the lowest under the coconut trees (393 mg kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Rate of mineralization was the highest during the post-wet season and the lowest during the dry season (February–April) under all the tree species. High rainfall during the wet season, however, reduced the rate of nitrification under all the tree species. The mean annual mineralization was logarithmically related with rainfall amount and mean monthly temperature.     

水杨酸对杏树花期抗寒性及坐果率的影响

以室温蒸馏水处理为对照,分别用浓度为0、2、10、20、40、80 m g.L-1的水杨酸溶液处理张公园杏初开花朵,放入0℃恒温培养箱4 h,取出后测定花朵的外渗电导率值、呼吸强度、雌蕊的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性及丙二配醛的含量,结果表明:水杨酸可有效抑制由低温引起的细胞电解质外渗,提高呼吸速率,提高雌蕊超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶的活性,减少丙二醛的积累。还在田间条件下,以7年生3个品种的杏树为试材,于初花期分别用浓度为0、2、10、20、40 m g.L-1的水杨酸溶液进行喷施,结果发现:浓度为10 m g.L-1的水杨酸能够极显著地提高骆驼黄、华县接杏品种的坐果率,但其对张公园品种的影响却并未达到显著水平。认为在杏树初花期喷施一定浓度的水杨酸可以起到预防低温伤害及提高产量的作用。     

Seasonal variations in species diversity, dry matter and net primary productivity of herb layer of Quercus leucotrichophora-Pinus roxburghii mixed forest in Kumaun Himalaya, India

Plant biomass, species diversity and net primary productivity are presented for herb layer of banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus)-chir pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg.) mixed forest in Kumaun, central Himalaya, India. The species diversity declined from a maximum (3.56) in September to a minimum (2.11) in December. The monthly live shoots biomass exhibited a single peak growth pattern with highest live shoot biomass of 185 g·m-2 in August. The seasonal pattern showed that the maximum above-ground production (131 g·m-2) occurred during the rainy season and the minimum (1 g·m-2) during winter season. The below-ground production was maximum during winter season (84 g·m-2) and minimum during summer season (34 g·m-2). The annual net shoot production was 171 g·m-2 and total below-ground production was 165 g·m-2. Of the total input 61% was channeled to above-ground parts and 39% to below-ground parts. Transfer of live shoots to dead shoots compartments and that of dead shoots to litter compartments was 61% and 66%, respectively. The total dry matter disappearance was 61% of the total input within annual cycle. The herb layer showed a net accumulation of organic matter, indicating the seral nature of the community.     

南方红豆杉扦插繁殖技术研究

2003~2004年应用2年生南方红豆杉幼苗进行扦插试验研究,结果表明:不同时间扦插的插穗生根时间最多相差2个月,2月中旬至3月中旬为最适宜扦插季节,扦插后3~5个月的生根率高于其它月份。用河沙与红泥作基质扦插,在不同季节扦插中以河沙作基质的生根效果比红泥的好。用生根剂处理有利于插穗提早生根及增加生根数量,以冬季及早春应用的效果较为明显,应用生根剂的插穗在扦插3~5个月后的生根率和生根数量与对照比有显著差异。不同类型插穗的扦插生根率在不同月份扦插的结果不同,但其差异不显著。     

橄榄基因资源保存库营建技术与效果分析

文章介绍了在茂名市国营八一林场营建橄榄基因库的方法及管理措施,并于2006年对基因保存库的成活率、生长量、结果株率、单株产果量、单位树冠投影面积产果量、果实性状等作了调查测定分析,结果表明:(1)采用苗圃嫁接成活苗上山造林及上山定砧后嫁接相结合的方法可加快橄榄基因库的营建;(2)基因库收集了广东主要橄榄栽培区7个县(市)11个农家品种81个优良单株,移栽及嫁接株共保存1 210株,保存率达95.65%,无性系结果比例达79.01%;(3)2002~2004年嫁接成活率为50.46%~80.05%,接株年均生长量树高0.7~1.0 m,径粗2.2~2.9 cm,冠幅0.8~0.9 m。总体结果株率、平均单株产果量和平均单位树冠投影面积产果量在嫁接4 a后分别为89.23%、1.11 kg和0.111 kg/m2,嫁接3 a后分别为69.61%、0.37 kg和0.054 kg/m2,嫁接2 a后分别为51.74%、0.15 kg和0.032 kg/m2;(4)橄榄单果质量4.63~12.64 g,果纵径2.63~4.00 cm,果形指数1.25~1.94,可食率78.51%~86.82%;(5)综合分析结果评选出g14、g18、g20、j1、p10、p8、g15、g2、g24、g27、x3、x4、x5、x6、g21、g32、g16、g33、g19、d15、d16、d7等22个为较优良无性系,其中又以g14、g18最优。     

影响高脂马尾松扦插成活率的主要因子研究

通过多年的高脂马尾松扦插育苗试验,结果表明:采用半木质化且幼化程度高的枝条,在适宜的水分、光照、温度的条件下,采用适宜浓度(含IBA1500 mg/kg)的生根粉,不但可以加快生根,而且可大大地提高生根率,全年扦插,成活率都可达90%以上。     

核桃壳液化及其与甲醛反应能力的研究

本文探讨了核桃壳在120℃、液比为3/1和催化剂(浓硫酸,用量为苯酚的3%)条件下液化,通过液化体系内游离苯酚和残渣含量的分析以及液化体系与甲醛反应能力的分析发现:核桃壳的酚解和酚化反应主要发生在反应初期,后期逐渐减弱;液化体系内总的活性量由两部分组成,一是液化体系内游离苯酚贡献的活性量,二是体系内液化产物贡献的活性量;随着反应时间的进行,游离苯酚折算的耗醛量逐渐减少,液化产物的耗醛量逐渐增加,而总的液化体系中消耗甲醛的能力在逐渐的减弱。     

臭菜扦插技术研究

以野生臭菜的枝条为扦插材料,研究了其的扦插技术。经作插条不同时间的流水浸泡、不同扦插季节及基质、不同插条状况(插条的不同长度、直径、年龄)、不同药剂浸泡插条等的扦插技术处理对臭菜扦插生根率影响的试验研究后,而获得了臭菜扦插的最佳技术方案。该方案为:在春季(2月)选取直径1.0~2.0 cm的2~3年生枝条,去叶后剪成长15~20 cm的插条,经过12 h流水浸泡处理后,再用100 mg/L的ABT1号生根粉浸泡基部12 h,扦插在珍珠岩中,保持其基质的含水率为60%。可以使臭菜插条的生根率达到79.2%。