荒漠绿洲边缘土地合理利用与沙产业发展技术体系研究

通过水土资源现状的分析评价,发现2005年民勤绿洲粮经草比例为36.94∶45.16∶17.90,与1991年相比,土地利用格局正向粮经草比例优化和农林牧协调方向发展;民勤绿洲土地资源的限制性因素主要为水分、土质、盐碱和肥力;对水资源现状分析发现民勤绿洲年缺水量达3.921 8亿m3。根据民勤绿洲自然条件和沙产业发展的理论要求,引进并筛选出适宜民勤绿洲边缘栽培的"中苜1号"、"兰热莱恩德"、"苜蓿54"、"德宝"4个紫花苜蓿品种和乌拉尔甘草、中麻黄、沙葱等优良、节水、抗旱的植物种和品种;提出了民勤绿洲边缘土地合理利用和沙产业的发展方向——节水农业和生态产业,主要包括通过合理的林草、林药间作和草田轮作制度,提高水土资源利用率和光能利用率;培育并发展苜蓿、麻黄、甘草、葡萄、马铃薯、棉花、舍饲肉羊等多种形式的荒漠生态产业。通过这些措施的实施,在民勤绿洲及其边缘地区建立"土壤-环境系统,植物-品种系统,节水栽培及产业化发展的技术措施系统"相互耦合的沙产业技术体系,逐步形成粮经草1∶1∶1的土地利用格局,促进民勤绿洲生态经济型沙产业的可持续发展。     

绿洲区滴灌施磷对苜蓿地肥力和磷素利用率的影响

为探讨绿洲区滴灌施磷对苜蓿磷素利用效率的影响及其土壤肥力变化规律,在石河子绿洲区滴灌苜蓿田设不同的施磷处理,即1次性施180 kg·hm^-2磷肥（L₁）、1次性施360 kg·hm^-2磷肥（H₁）、均分3次施180 kg·hm^-2磷肥（L₂）、均分3次施360 kg·hm^-2磷肥（H₂）及不施肥（CK）,对各处理下苜蓿田土壤肥力和磷素利用效率进行测定和分析。结果表明,较CK相比,L₂处理可显著提高耕作层平均有机质含量（P<0.05）,H₁和H₂处理可显著提高耕作层平均全磷含量（P<0.05）。各处理均可显著提高耕作层平均速效磷含量（P<0.05）。各处理对平均碱解氮含量及pH值无显著影响。‘新牧2号’苜蓿（Medicago sativa ‘Xingmu No.2’）磷素利用效率最高的为L₁和L₂处理（F=17.02）,‘三得利’（Medicago sativa ‘Sanditi’）为L₂处理（F=14.33）。因此,建议绿洲区苜蓿栽培滴灌施磷的最佳模式为均分3次施用180 kg·hm^-2磷肥。     

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Soil Productivity and Nitrate Accumulation in Gansu Oasis

A long-term （1982-2001） field experiment was conducted in a calcareous soil under wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）-maize （Zea mays L.） rotation system at Zhangye, Gansu Province, China to determine the effects of long-term fertilization on crop yield, nutrients interactions, content and accumulation of nitrate-N in soil profiles. Twenty- four plots in a split-plot factorial with a combination of eight treatments （from nitrogen （N）, phosphorus （P）, potassium （K） and farmyard manure （M） applications） and 3 replications were selected. Main treatments were M and without M, and the sub-treatments were no-fertilizer （CK）, N, NP and NPK. When P and K fertilizers were part of treatments, their ratio to N was 1N：0.22P：0.42K. All M, P and K fertilizers were applied as the basal dressing. The grain yield was harvested each experimental period and straw yield for the period from 1988 to 1997. After crop harvest in 2000, the soil was sampled from the 0-20, 20-60, 60-100, 100-140 and 140-180 cm depths to determine NO3^--N content. Maize yield of CK in 2000 was only 28.2% of that in 1984, and wheat in 2001 was 25.7% of that observed in 1982. Average impact of fertilizers on grain yield decreased in the order of N 〉 M 〉 P 〉 K. Yield response to N and P fertilizers increased with progress of the experiment. The impact of K fertilizer showed no increase in grain yield during the initial 6 years （1982-1987）, moderate increase in the next 5 years （1988-1992）, and considerable increase in the last 9 years （1993-2001）. The straw yield trend was similar to grain yield. Accumulation and distribution of NO3^--N in soil was significantly affected by annual fertilizations. Mineral fertilizers （NP and NPK） led to NO3^- -N accumulation in most subsoil layers, with major impact in the 20-140 cm depth. The combination of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure （MNP and MNPK） reduced soil NO3^--N accumulation in comparison to mineral fertilizers, It can be argued that long-term fertilization significantly enhanced grain and straw yield in this rotation scheme. The findings of this research suggest that it is important to balance application of mineral fertilizers and farmyard manure in order to protect soil and underground water from potential NO3^--N pollution while sustaining high productivity in the oasis agro-ecosystem.     

内蒙古腰坝绿洲地下水化学特征及成因分析

选取内蒙古自治区腰坝绿洲66个地下水样点的化学数据为研究对象,运用经典统计学、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、主离子浓度关系图等方法,对地下水化学特征和成因进行分析.研究结果显示,研究区地下水呈弱碱性微咸水,化学过程主要以蒸发浓缩-岩石风化作用为主,地下水化学组分以方解石、白云石、岩盐与石膏的溶解沉淀为主要来源.研究结...     

河西绿洲灌区制种玉米生长特征及产量对不同抗旱措施的响应

为探寻河西绿洲灌区制种玉米最佳抗旱措施,本研究以制种玉米 NC242为供试材料,分别于 2018和2019年开展 5个不同处理大田试验,包括施用保水剂(SA)、白色地膜覆盖(WF)、黑色地膜覆盖(BF)、秸秆覆盖(SM)和露地平种(CK),测定制种玉米不同生育阶段生长特性、收获后产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及品质等指标。结果表明,较露地平作(CK), BF和 WF处理年均产量和 WUE分别提高了 3 107.02、 2 693.12 kg/hm²和 0.88、 0.78 kg/m³,以黑色地膜覆盖方式增幅最显著。利用抗旱措施可显著改善制种玉米子粒品质,淀粉、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和可溶性糖含量分别较 CK提高 3.33%～10.32%、 8.06%～24.48%、 16.03%～43.04%、 11.59%～32.76%,其中 BF处理综合品质最高。综合制种玉米的产量、水分利用效率和品质,河西绿洲灌区制种玉米覆盖黑色地膜较其他抗旱措施更能促进产量和水分利用效率的提高,并显著改善子粒品质。     

河西绿洲膜下滴灌调亏对食用向日葵耗水特征、光合特性及品质的影响

于2019年在张掖市益民灌溉试验站进行食用向日葵膜下滴灌调亏大田试验,探究在现蕾期、开花期和灌浆期充分灌溉条件下,苗期轻度—成熟期(轻度、中度)水分调亏、苗期中度—成熟期(轻度、中度)水分调亏、苗期重度—成熟期(轻度、中度)水分调亏处理分别对食用向日葵耗水、光合特性、品质及产量的影响,为河西绿洲冷凉灌区优质高产高效种植食用向日葵提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)苗期和成熟期食用向日葵的阶段耗水量、耗水模数、日耗水强度均随水分调亏程度增加而降低,与充分灌溉相比,苗期水分调亏处理阶段耗水量、耗水模数、日耗水强度降幅分别为10.10%～46.08%,7.57%～34.58%,10.68%～46.60%,成熟期水分调亏处理阶段耗水量、耗水模数、日耗水强度降幅分别为5.50%～30.29%,2.93%～16.72%,5.56%～30.34%,苗期重度水分调亏经后期复水补偿作用有限;(2)苗期重度和成熟期中度水分调亏显著降低食用向日葵叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率(P0.05),与充分灌溉相比,苗期重度水分调亏的降幅分别为40.30%～45.98%,43.99%～47.37%,38.20%～42.10%,成熟期中度水分调亏的降幅分别为14.23%～32.07%,15.98%～51.23%,10.02%～28.45%;(3)苗期中度—成熟期轻度处理品质最优,其粗脂肪含量与粗蛋白含量较充分灌溉分别显著提高10.84%,14.90%(P0.05)。(4)苗期中度—成熟期轻度水分调亏处理产量为4 145 kg/hm~2,与对照CK处于同一水平,产量无明显降低情况,具有节水、调质作用。综合考虑食用向日葵耗水量、光合特性、品质及产量等指标,在其他生育期充分灌溉条件下,进行苗期中度—成熟期轻度水分调亏,作为当地食用向日葵节水优质最优调亏灌溉模式。     

近60年河西走廊绿洲农作区近地面水汽变化特征分析

根据河西走廊地面气象观测时间最长的敦煌、瓜州、玉门、酒泉、高台、张掖、山丹、武威、民勤9个站的水汽压观测资料,运用线性回归、小波和Mann-Kendall方法对绿洲农作区近地面水汽变化特征进行趋势、周期及突变分析。结果表明：近60 a河西走廊绿洲农作区近地面水汽均呈波动上升趋势,线性递增率为0.123 hPa·10a^-1。夏、秋两季上升幅度最大,线性递增率分别为0.192 hPa·10a^-1和0.198 hPa·10a^-1, 春季递增率仅为0.056 hPa·10a^-1属最小;年水汽变化存在3 a主周期和30 a较长主周期,还有10 a较弱周期。春、夏季水汽变化有5 a主周期和20～30 a左右的较长周期尺度;秋季水汽变化有5 a主周期,还存在30～40 a长周期;冬季水汽变化存在5 a周期,随着时序延长,周期也在延长,2000年以后有15 a周期。年水汽含量在1985年出现突变;春季水汽含量在1980年出现突变;夏季水汽含量在1986年出现突变;秋季水汽含量1994年出现突变;冬季水汽含量在1983年出现突变。水汽含量对气候变暖响应明显,年、季水汽压与平均气温之间相关显著,年平均、春、夏、秋、冬季相关系数分别为0.592、0.192、0.551、0.532、0285。说明河西走廊年、夏、秋、冬季近地面水汽变化与河西走廊平均气温有显著正相关。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘典型绿洲城市宜居性分析

分析城市的宜居性可以为改善当地人居环境提供科学依据。以塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘典型绿洲城市为研究对象,运用层次分析法从社会、经济、环境3个方面分析研究区2002～2011年间的宜居性。研究结果表明,各城市的宜居度存在年际变化且有差别,并不都是稳步上升;库尔勒市的社会、经济、环境及综合宜居性均处于5个城市之首;宜居城市排名为库尔勒市>阿克苏市>阿图什市>喀什市>和田市。     

Policy incentives for reducing nitrate leaching from intensive agriculture in desert oases of Alxa, Inner Mongolia, China

Excessive irrigation and nitrogen applications result in substantial nitrate leaching into groundwater in intensively cropped oases in desert areas of Alxa, Inner Mongolia. An integrated modelling approach was developed and applied to compare policy incentives to reduce nitrate leaching. The integrated model consists of a process-based biophysical model, a meta-model, a farm economic model and an assessment of policy incentives. The modelling results show that there are “win-win” opportunities for improving farm profitability and reducing nitrate leaching. We found that 4471 Yuan ha⁻¹ of farm gross margin could be obtained with a reduction in nitrate leaching of 373 kg ha⁻¹. Farmers’ lack of knowledge about water and nitrogen in soil, and on crop requirements for water and nitrogen could explain the differences, so that agricultural extension is an appropriate policy incentive for this area. When the economic optimum is obtained reductions in nitrate leaching are not achievable without profit penalties and there is a “trade-off” relationship between farm profitability and groundwater quality protection. The combination of low elasticity of nitrate leaching and large elasticity of farm gross margin against water price increases results in very high costs for reducing nitrate leaching (105.6 Yuan kg⁻¹). It is suggested that if the water price increases were coupled with subsidies for adopting nitrate leaching mitigation practices, environmental gains could come at a lower cost.     

2003-2008年甘肃民勤绿洲土地荒漠化动态监测

通过对2003年和2008年2期覆盖民勤的TM影像解译,对民勤绿洲及其外围20 km范围内8 355.20 km2土地进行荒漠化动态监测。结果表明：民勤绿洲土地荒漠化严重,荒漠化土地占到监测区的80%以上。荒漠化类型分为风蚀和盐渍荒漠化2种,呈带状分布在绿洲外围或镶嵌于绿洲内部。2003年监测区内共有荒漠化土地671 ...