有机物-金属相互作用对重金属负载土柱中粘土矿物吸附剂再生的影响

Natural clay minerals can play an important role in crude remediation of wastewater polluted with the heavy metals (HMs) Cu,Zn and Ni.The presence and timing of addition of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) have a significant effect on the HM removal by clay mineral sorbents.However,the influence of the presence of DOM on the remediation of the used clay mineral sorbents once saturated with HMs is largely unknown.To resolve this,clay mineral-rich soil column of varying composition,loaded (i) with Cu,Zn and Ni only,(ii) first with DOM followed by Cu,Zn and Ni,or (iii) with DOM,Cu,Zn and Ni simultaneously,was used in a set of desorption experiments.The soil columns were leached with 0.001 mol L-1 CaCl2 dissolved in water as control eluent and 0.001 mol L-1 CaCl2 dissolved in DOM as treatment eluent.During the preceding loading phase of the sorbent,the timing of DOM addition (sequential or concurrent with HMs) was found to have a significant influence on the subsequent removal of the HMs.In particular when the column was loaded with DOM and HMs simultaneously,largely irreversible co-precipitation took place.Our results indicate that the regeneration potential of clay mineral sorbents in wastewater treatment will be significantly reduced when the treated water is rich in DOM.In contrast,in manured agricultural fields (where HMs enter together with DOM),HM mobility will be lower than expected from interaction dynamics of HMs and clay minerals.     

Real-Time Soil CO2 Respiration Rate Determination and the Comparison between the Infrared Gas Analyzer and Microrespirometer (MicroRes®) Methods

Soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) respiration is one of the important soil health parameters that provides a general assessment of soil microbial activity and soil quality. Soil respiration rates, however, have not been widely applied in soil testing protocols mainly because the traditional methods are either inconvenient, technically cumbersome or too expensive. Currently, only two methods are available for a true real-time soil respiration rate determination (<2 h): the infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) and the microrespirometer (MR or MicroRes^®) methods. We analyzed the real-time soil respiration rates of 20 soil samples from fifteen states after various periods of incubation using the IRGA method and the MR method. The measured soil respiration rates ranged from 0.4 µL CO₂/h/g to 9.0 µL CO₂/h/g. Both methods show precision in soil respiration determinations (CV = 12.7% and 11.9%, respectively). Comparison of the results between the IRGA and MR methods indicates high degrees of agreement (r² = 0.914). This study shows that the MR method is a simpler and more cost-effective alternative for real-time soil respiration rate determinations.     

基于CA-Markov的哈尔滨市土地利用变化及预测

为探讨哈尔滨城市化进程中土地利用时空演变规律以及驱动机制。该文以1989年、2001年和2007年LandsatTM影像为数据源,借助于地学信息谱图理论,运用RS和GIS技术分析研究区域18a土地利用格局变化,以2007年土地利用格局为基础,利用CA-Markov模型和并引入终极状态概率,预测2025年土地利用情况和平衡状态下土地利用空间分布格局。研究结果表明:区域土地利用格局以耕地为主,其面积比例均超过60%,其次是林地和居民工矿用地;稳定型图谱空间分布广泛,占研究区域总面积比例最大,"耕地→耕地→耕地"是其面积最大的变化图谱,"林地→林地→林地"次之,持续变化型所占比例最小,"未利用地→林地→耕地"是其面积最大的变化图谱;CA-Markov模型预测结果表明从2025年到土地利用终极状态期间,耕地面积持续减少,居民工矿用地持续增加,耕地→居民工矿用地是其主要转化轨迹,其他地类变化量相对较小,基本上处于动态平衡状态中,该文为土地利用合理规划、生态恢复和区域经济发展提供依据。     

Evaluation of Differential Pore-Volume Distribution (DPVD) Patterns of Porous Clinoptilolite Fractions

Analysis of differential pore-volume distribution (DPVD) patterns of a commercial Clinoptilolite has been conducted experimentally using an analyzer by measuring the N₂ adsorption isotherm. The commercial material was fractionated by sieving through sequential sieves: <125 µ (Z8; fine), 125–250 µ (Z9; medium), and >250 µ (Z10; coarse). The DPVD of the fractions were calculated from the hysteresis loop according to the adsorption and desorption curves of Dollimore-Heal (DH) model. The adsorption cycle had produced dissimilar differential pore volume distribution patterns. For the 10-nm pore width, fine and medium fractions had a maximum pore volume up to 0.0016 cm³/g nm, while the coarse fraction had a little greater value up to 0.002 cm³/g nm. Moreover, the medium fraction had too many hills and valleys in the DPVD. However, the desorption cycle–based DH analysis did not show any marked variation in the DPVD pattern.     

Organic matter turnover in soil physical fractions following woody plant invasion of grassland: Evidence from natural C and N

Soil physical structure causes differential accessibility of soil organic carbon (SOC) to decomposer organisms and is an important determinant of SOC storage and turnover. Techniques for physical fractionation of soil organic matter in conjunction with isotopic analyses (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) of those soil fractions have been used previously to (a) determine where organic C is stored relative to aggregate structure, (b) identify sources of SOC, (c) quantify turnover rates of SOC in specific soil fractions, and (d) evaluate organic matter quality. We used these two complementary approaches to characterize soil C storage and dynamics in the Rio Grande Plains of southern Texas where C₃ trees/shrubs (δ¹³C=−27‰) have largely replaced C₄ grasslands (δ¹³C=−14‰) over the past 100-200 years. Using a chronosequence approach, soils were collected from remnant grasslands (Time 0) and from woody plant stands ranging in age from 10 to 130 years. We separated soil organic matter into specific size/density fractions and determined their C and N concentrations and natural δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values. Mean residence times (MRTs) of soil fractions were calculated based on changes in their δ¹³C with time after woody encroachment. The shortest MRTs (average=30 years) were associated with all particulate organic matter (POM) fractions not protected within aggregates. Fine POM (53-250 μm) within macro- and microaggregates was relatively more protected from decay, with an average MRT of 60 years. All silt+clay fractions had the longest MRTs (average=360 years) regardless of whether they were found inside or outside of aggregate structure. δ¹⁵N values of soil physical fractions were positively correlated with MRTs of the same fractions, suggesting that higher δ¹⁵N values reflect an increased degree of humification. Increased soil C and N pools in wooded areas were due to both the retention of older C₄-derived organic matter by protection within microaggregates and association with silt+clay, and the accumulation of new C₃-derived organic matter in macroaggregates and POM fractions.     

~(14)C-丁草胺、~(14)C-毒死蜱和~(14)C-DDT在日本林蛙中的生物学行为(英文)

用同位素示踪技术研究了14 C 丁草胺、14 C 毒死蜱和14 C DDT在日本林蛙 (RanajaponicajaponicaGuenther)中的生物学行为。结果发现 ,14 C 丁草胺、14 C 毒死蜱和14 C DDT在 2 4h后分布到青蛙的各个器官组织 ,并分别以胆囊、小肠、小肠为它们的特异性浓集器官。与胆囊或小肠的14 C放射性活度比较 ,其它器官组织中的要小得多。14C DDT在日本林蛙中较难降解 ,2 4h后DDT母体在肝和脂肪组织中占DDT代谢物的54 6%和 88 4%。青蛙中的14 C 丁草胺、14 C 毒死蜱和14 C DDT可被丙酮提取 ,但三者之间以及在青蛙的器官之间有差异     

先秦两汉时期中国北方天然林木分布探究

孢粉、考古及历史文献等资料显示,先秦两汉时期中国北方地区林木分布广泛,种类繁多。春秋以后北方多数地区气温有所波动,树种结构也相应地发生了变化。春秋至东汉时期,东北地区受气候变冷影响,乔木植被中针叶林比率有所增加,落叶阔叶林减少,同时森林分布范围缩小;黄淮海平原地区针、阔叶乔木随气候变化互有消长;黄土高原区未有森林生长,河谷及山地植被以阔叶树种占优的混交林为主。除气候因素外,人类活动也影响着天然植被的变化。受秦汉时期经济、政治、军事等活动的影响,除东北地区天然林木保存较好外,北方其余地区林木破坏较为严重。     

大理市森林资源分布格局及其保护现状分析

基于GIS空间分析技术,分析了大理市森林资源结构及其保护现状.结果表明,大理市林地面积占国土面积的56.70％,主要由有林地和灌木林地组成,占林地面积的94.79％;森林主要由乔木林组成,占比达93.60％;林地资源分布均匀,整体上分布于洱海四周山区,龄组结构合理;林地资源保护强度较高.     

河北园林蚧虫名录

本文报道了河北地区为害园林植物的蚧虫8科42属73种,同时对其寄主、为害程度及分布作了介绍。