The Biology of the Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

After about 25 years of intensive research a substantial moment of information has accumulated on the basic biology of Prostephanus truncatus in stored products. This article reviews the literature on the geographical distribution, biotypes, symbiotic associations, mating and flight behaviour, oviposition, and development on both agricultural and non-agricultural hosts. The current knowledge about the nutritional biology (including the role of symbionts) and host finding behaviour (including the inter-linked roles of plant chemicals and the insect's own pheronones) are highlighted as research areas which deserve future attention. In addition, few studies have been conducted to determine the extent to which the biology of P. truncatus permits it to survive and reproduce in non-agricultural environments. These areas of study should be pursued as possible routes to providing more effective integrated pest managements strategies for the larger grain borer.     

Influence of the physical and chemical properties of soil on the retention process of isoxaflutole and its two main derivatives

Isoxaflutole is a new pre‐emergence herbicide for use in maize and sugarcane. Its two main derivatives are a diketonitrile derivative, the 2‐cyano‐3‐cyclopropyl‐1‐(2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)propan‐1,3‐dione, named DKN, and a benzoic acid derivative, the 2‐methanesulfonyl‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoic acid, named BA. The adsorption/desorption processes have never been studied for isoxaflutole (IFT) at high concentrations nor for BA, and the present work aimed at completing the knowledge of the behaviour of these three molecules in conditions close to those encountered in the context of agricultural use. The adsorption/desorption study was conducted on seven soils of different physical and chemical properties, using the batch equilibrium technique. During the experiments, IFT was chemically converted into DKN in a continuous manner. This reaction appeared to be dependent on the pH of the soil and was taken into account in the calculations of the adsorbed and desorbed amounts. The adsorption isotherms obtained were predominantly C‐shaped for IFT and DKN and S‐shaped for BA, but some differences appeared on a few soils. They fitted well the Freundlich equation, and the values of the Freundlich coefficient K_fa showed that, whatever the soil, IFT was more adsorbed than its two derivatives. The main parameter influencing the adsorption of IFT appeared to be the organic matter content, whereas this effect was not evident for DKN and BA. No correlation was found between the extent of adsorption and either clay content or pH of the soil, for the three molecules.     

篱壁式红富士苹果光照分布及结果部位对果实品质的影响

作者对6～7年生篱壁式红富士苹果叶幕光照分布、结果部位对品质的影响进行了研究.结果表明:篱壁形叶幕光照垂直分布和水平分布的日变化相对均衡,树冠内未产生无效光区;品质垂直和水平分布与光照垂直和水平分布呈极显著正相关.中、下层中长果枝果实的果面光洁度分别为92.7%和97.2%,端正果率分别为91.6%和92.5%.     

旱地(土娄)土长期定位施肥土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积研究

通过12a大田长期定位试验研究了在自然降水条件、冬小麦—大豆轮作(或休闲)种植制度下,0～400cm土娄土剖面硝态氮分布与积累的特点。结果表明,长期单施氮肥,氮的表观利用率特别低,仅0.51%,氮肥配施钾、磷肥,氮的表观利用率为25%～35%,氮磷钾平衡施肥及配施有机肥,氮的表观利用率达到50%;施N肥方式显著影响土壤硝态氮积累和淋移,旱地土娄土长期单施化学氮肥或氮钾、氮磷、氮磷钾肥使土壤NO-3-N大量积累和淋移;氮磷钾与有机肥的配合施用能有效地缓解土壤对硝态氮的积累,提高氮肥利用率。     

新疆农田土壤有机质含量及组成特征

目前新疆农田土壤有机质含量在5．30～24．21g／kg之间，平均14．65g／kg，与第二次土壤普查相比，新疆农田土壤有机质含量呈上升趋势；胡敏素碳含量占到有机质碳量的53％～70％，平均61％，腐殖酸碳量只占39％。     

乌兰察布高原土壤腐殖质地理分布规律

本文研究了乌兰察布高原的地带性土壤府殖质的地理分布规律：（碱溶性腐殖质可提取的部分）以深厚黑色土为最高：８０－８７％；向北过渡至栗钙土、棕钙土明显降低在２０％左右，ＨＡ／ＦＡ亦是以深厚黑色土最高：土层中部达２以上；栗钙土１－１．５；至棕钙土０．６－１，并且表层最高，下部土层减少＜１；山地土壤ＨＡ／ＦＡ最高层在Ａ１层：１－１．３左右，向下锐减。光密度特性Ｅ４：Ｅ６：深厚黑色土最小＜４；草原土壤在４－５；山地土壤：＞５。土壤Ｃ／Ｎ也反映了土壤类型之间差异：深厚黑色土：表层低：６－７，下层高：１２－１３；草原土壤多在９－１０；山地土壤则较大１１－１３。通过对土壤以上各化学指标分析研究，明确了土壤类型的划分依据，对本区土壤分类中存在的几个问题进行初步探讨。     

内蒙古沙尘暴的成因、趋势及其预报

本文利用内蒙古1961～2001年的天气气候资料,对内蒙古中西部地区沙尘暴作了统计分析,阐述了沙尘暴的危害并给出了沙尘暴的基本定义。分析了引起沙尘暴的天气和气候因子的变化趋势,研究了他们对沙尘暴的影响,结果表明近40年内蒙古的沙尘暴总体呈减少趋势,但从1998年开始有所增加;沙尘暴的空间分布以阿拉善盟偏北地区为最高发区;降水、气温、大风、寒潮、北半球极涡、西太平洋副热带高压、亚洲西风环流、东亚大槽和南方涛动等天气和气候因素均对该地区沙尘暴的发生有不同程度的影响。     

Spatial distribution of Lolium rigidum seedlings following seed dispersal by combine harvesters

This paper considers the relationships between the dispersal of seeds and the distribution pattern of an annual weed. A comparative study of seed dispersal by combine harvesters, with and without a straw chopper attached, was established using Lolium rigidum, a common weed in Mediterranean cereal crops. Seed dispersal distance was quantified and the relationships between dispersal and fine‐scale seedling distribution evaluated. Primary dispersal of L. rigidum seeds occurs in a very limited space around the parent plants, but the density of seed is low because most seeds do not fall from spikes spontaneously. In contrast, many seeds are spread by combine harvesters. In this study the maximum dispersal exceeded 18 m from established stands in cereal fields, although the modal distance was close to the origin. In addition, the action of the combine harvesters tended to accumulate L. rigidum seeds predominantly under the straw swath, with some lateral movement. This action could explain the fine‐scale banded pattern of L. rigidum in cereal fields. Although the treatment of straw by the standard and straw chopper combines differed, the resultant seed distribution showed few differences.     

松嫩平原优势种羊草与其主要伴生种芦苇空间分布格局分析

芦苇是松嫩草地优势种羊草的主要伴生种,两者常常形成物种组成比较单一的混生群落或者与其他物种组成羊草 杂类草群落.选择羊草 芦苇混生群落,羊草群落和芦苇群落的交错区进行羊草、芦苇单物种格局分析.结果表明,1)混生群落和交错区中,羊草和芦苇均是以集聚分布的形式存在;2)羊草在混生群落中的格局强度小于交错区中的格局强度,芦苇在2种类型群落中的格局强度没有显著差异;3)除了考虑物种的生物学特性以外,混生群落种内、种间竞争也是影响羊草集聚分布和格局强度的主要因素,交错区中,环境异质性和种间竞争是影响集聚分布和格局强度的重要因子;4)芦苇在混生群落和交错区中格局强度没有明显差异,由此可以判定芦苇的空间分布格局形成主要受植物本身生物学特性的影响.     

不同能量摄入水平对围产期奶牛生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度影响的研究

将健康的围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组, 每组10头。其中Ⅱ组为对照组, Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组分别为试验组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均于产前28d开始分别饲喂NRC标准减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组)、NRC标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、NRC标准增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组), 产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮, 至产后56d结束。观察妊娠后期奶牛不同能量水平对干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分及体重等生产性能和血浆瘦素浓度的影响。试验结果表明: 奶牛产后干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳中蛋白质、乳脂率和非固体物质为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组(P>0 05 ); 同时血浆瘦素浓度为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组, 经统计分析组间差异极显著(P<0 01) 或差异显著(P<0 05); 但产前28~14d瘦素浓度组间差异均不显著(P>0 05 ), 此后Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异显著(P<0 05 )。此外, Ⅰ组体重消耗最小, Ⅲ组体重消耗最大, 各组间差异极显著(P<0 01)。可见, 围产期健康奶牛不同能量水平与干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分、体重等生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度之间存在着密切的关系。