不同前茬作物与种植密度对大蒜农艺性状的影响

为研究不同前茬作物和种植密度对大蒜生长发育的影响,通过设定大豆茬(A1)、谷子茬(A2)和不同密度(M1、M2)两因素试验,测定不同处理的大蒜农艺性状指标和产量。试验结果表明,大蒜的农艺性状指标A1处理高于A2处理,M2处理高于M1处理,处理间产量没有显著差异。在生产中可以通过优化前茬作物和种植密度来提升大蒜商品性。     

赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的化学组成、能量密度及对鳜的营养价值

为评价赤眼鳟(Squaliobarbus curriculus)和麦瑞加拉鲮(Cirrhinus mrigala)对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)的营养价值,分别测定了体质量为(5.27±1.03)g的赤眼鳟、(5.05±1.21)g的麦瑞加拉鲮和(5.19±0.92)g的鳜的化学组成,估算了这3种鱼的能量密度,以探讨赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜的可行性。结果显示,赤眼鳟和麦瑞加拉鲮的全鱼蛋白质含量显著高于鳜,水分显著低于鳜(P0.05),必需氨基酸指数分别高达92.56%±2.31%和93.17%±0.36%,多数必需氨基酸的化学评分≥0.82。而赤眼鳟的脂肪和能量密度更高,显著高于麦瑞加拉鲮和鳜,灰分显著低于麦瑞加拉鲮(P0.05)。研究表明,这两种鱼对鳜都具有较高的营养价值,但赤眼鳟的营养价值更高,以赤眼鳟代替麦瑞加拉鲮养殖鳜是可行的,这为转变鳜的养殖方式提供了参考。     

水肥一体化对山地鲜桑椹商品性状的影响

为探索不同为微地形条件下水肥一体化工程技术对干热河谷区桑园果桑商品性状的影响,以盐边县刚成熟、正成熟和过成熟的鲜桑椹为研究对象,对比坡面雨养区(DN)、沟道两旁雨养区(WN)、坡面（水肥一体化）灌溉施肥区(DF)和沟道两旁（水肥一体化）灌溉施肥区(WF)桑椹的果长、果径、体积、质量、密度、果形指数和糖度的差异。结果表明：（1）灌溉施肥可以影响桑椹结果的物候特征,加速桑椹成熟。（2）灌溉施肥、微地形、灌溉施肥和微地形的交互作用对鲜桑椹的果长、果径、体积和果形指数具有极显著影响。（3）成熟度可以显著影响鲜桑椹的果长、果径和体积,但对鲜桑椹果形指数的影响不显著。 （4）在灌溉施肥条件(DF、WF)下,桑椹的成熟度越高,其密度和质量越高;在DN区,过成熟桑椹的密度和质量显著高于刚成熟和正成熟的桑椹;而在WN区,正成熟桑椹的密度质量显著高于过成熟和刚成熟的桑椹密度。（5）平均糖度最高的为WF区的过成熟桑椹,平均糖度高达18.01%,而最低的为WN区的刚成熟桑椹,平均糖度仅为11.76%。（6）DN区和WN区桑椹的商品性状的差异主要是外形和糖度的差异,WN区的桑椹比DN区糖度低、外形大。（7）WF区桑椹与DF区桑椹的商品性状差异不大。上述结果揭示了水分和养分供给调控桑椹商品性状的内在机制,即水分供应可促进鲜桑椹变大变重,施肥可让鲜桑椹口味更甜。     

灌溉量对玉米生育后期脱水阶段子粒水分的影响

以玉米品种先玉335、九圣禾2468为试验材料,测定不同灌溉量处理的玉米生理成熟至田间收获期间子粒含水率的变化。结果表明,生育期等量灌溉和分配灌溉量试验,在9.0×10~4株/hm^2、12.0×10~4株/hm^2种植密度下,灌溉量增加使子粒含水量呈增加趋势,且脱水速率减慢。灌溉量从3 600 m^3/hm^2增至7 200 m^3/hm^2,子粒含水率分别增加0.94~2.87个百分点,差异达显著水平。灌溉量与种植密度双因素辅助试验,在种植密度6.0×10~4株/hm^2至13.5×10~4株/hm^2时,灌溉量从3 000 m^3/hm^2增至6 000 m^3/hm^2,子粒含水率分别增加1.60~5.00个百分点;在灌溉量3 000 m^3/hm^2和6 000 m^3/hm^2条件下,种植密度从6.0×10~4株/hm^2增至13.5×10~4株/hm^2,子粒含水率有差异,无明显增加或降低趋势;4 500 m3/hm^2灌溉量下各种植密度处理间的子粒含水率未表现出显著差异。     

氮磷钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响

为明确不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响,以济麦22为供试材料,设置F0（不施肥）、F1（N 180 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）、F2（N 225 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 120 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）和F3（N 270 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 165 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）4个施肥量处理,比较分析开花后不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦叶面积指数、冠层不同层次光截获特性和成熟期干物质分配的影响。结果表明,F1处理下叶面积指数显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异;开花后15 d,F1处理下小麦冠层不同层次及总PAR截获率和截获量均显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。F1处理下成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官中的分配量、籽粒中的分配量及总干物质积累量显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官和籽粒中的分配量以及总干物质积累量与冠层上层（顶部至株高2/3）、中层（株高2/3至株高1/3）和总PAR截获率均呈显著正相关。F1处理（N 180 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

饥饿情况下蠋蝽种内互残行为发生时期及影响

为明确饥饿情况下蠋蝽种内残杀行为的发生时期和影响因素,指导蠋蝽规模化繁育和释放,本文研究了不同发育时期和密度下的蠋蝽种内残杀行为。研究发现：蠋蝽对卵粒的种内互残行为主要发生在饥饿24 h以内,雌性蠋蝽对卵粒的取食行为显著强于雄性蠋蝽,取食比例是雄性的2.80～3.25倍、取食量是雄性的18.75～21.20倍,雌性取食下的卵粒羽化率为70.66%,显著低于雄性和对照的86.59%和87.88%。发育时期和饲养密度均显著影响蠋蝽的种内残杀行为,主要发生在饥饿后的19.63～36.00 h,并且1、2、3龄若虫没有表现出种内残杀行为,4龄以后种内残杀行为显著;低密度下蠋蝽种内互残行为不显著,但高密度会增强种内互残行为,且随密度的增加,种内互残行为显著增强。     

Application to soil of disinfectants through irrigation reduces Verticillium dahliae in the soil and verticillium wilt of olive

The application of disinfectants through drip irrigation could be a feasible practice against verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) of olive. OX-VIRIN (activated peroxide) and OX-AGUA AL25 (quaternary ammonium compounds) are two disinfectants that have shown efficacy against V. dahliae in irrigation water and potential for reducing the disease in young olive plants. In this work, various post-planting application strategies incorporating OX-VIRIN (once a month, or twice a month on alternate or successive weeks) or OX-AGUA AL25 (once a month, or twice a month on alternate weeks) were assessed for their effect on V. dahliae in soil, disease in olive trees, and olive yield, in a 2-year pot-experiment under natural environmental conditions. The disinfectants were injected via metering pumps into a drip irrigation system that irrigated olive trees planted in V. dahliae-inoculated soil. All the application strategies significantly reduced the total inoculum density in soil compared to controls with no disinfectants and noninoculated soil. The microsclerotia density was also significantly reduced in disinfested soils by 73.6–86.8%, depending on the strategy. The symptoms and infection incidence were always lower in treatments subjected to disinfestation. The treatment with OX-AGUA AL25 applied twice a month on alternate weeks most reduced the symptoms (by 53.0%) and colonization index (by 70.8%) with respect to untreated water control. This soil disinfestation also significantly strengthened the symptom remission. Tree growth and production were negatively affected by soil inoculation (reduced by 45.6% and 88.7%, respectively), but not so by disinfectants, which even relieved the reduction in inoculated soils, especially when OX-AGUA AL25 was applied.     

Response of industrial hemp to Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities under organic and conventional fertilisation

A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities on industrial hemp yield and its components. Experiments were conducted as a split plot in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Factors were fertilisation (poultry manure, vermicompost and nitrogen fertiliser) as the main plot and weed density (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants/m²) as the subplot. Results indicated that the maximum number of racemes per plant, seeds per raceme, 1000-seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index (HI) of industrial hemp were obtained using vermicompost and were reduced with nitrogen fertiliser application. All measured properties in hemp plants decreased due to increasing S. kali subsp. tragus density, especially at 15 and 20 plants/m². The most significant reduction in hemp grain yield and its components was observed by increasing weed density with the application of nitrogen fertiliser. The application of vermicompost at high weed densities resulted in greater hemp grain yield and its components compared with nitrogen fertiliser. It is recommended to apply organic fertilisers, especially vermicompost at high S. kali subsp. tragus densities.     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫龄期对自相残杀行为的影响

对群体饲养下草地贪夜蛾幼虫在不同龄期的自相残杀行为进行了比较研究,结果表明:在4种密度(5、10、20头/瓶和30头/瓶)下,不同龄期的幼虫自相残杀率差异显著,不同密度下的自相残杀行为主要集中在5龄幼虫,其自相残杀率均在5龄第2天时最高,在5、10、20和30头/瓶中分别为(14.34±3.28)%、(17.94±3.26)%、(18.21±3.47)%和(27.05±5.52)%,幼虫在5龄前的自相残杀行为并不明显。进一步测定发现,相同数量的4龄和5龄幼虫混合后在3种密度(4、10和20头/瓶)下的自相残杀率无显著差异(F=2.29,df=2,P>0.05),但随着幼虫密度的增加,死亡的4龄幼虫占总死亡个体的比例升高,而死亡的5龄幼虫所占比例下降。这说明草地贪夜蛾同一龄期的幼虫自相残杀行为具有明显的龄期依赖性,自相残杀行为主要发生在高龄幼虫间。低龄和高龄幼虫同时存在时低龄幼虫被残杀的比例较高。试验结果对于草地贪夜蛾的室内大量饲养具有一定借鉴作用。     

浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素研究

为研究浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素,解决嫁接成活率低的问题,2013年6月从中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所引进浙江红花油茶优树穗条,在青田县大垟山林场开展浙江红花油茶高接换冠试验,分析砧木林郁闭度、坡位、砧木生长势及接穗保存时间等因素对嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明,林分郁闭度在0.3~0.7之间,随着郁闭度增加嫁接平均成活率提高;郁闭度在0.7~0.9之间,随着郁闭度增加,嫁接成活率降低;当郁闭度为0.7时,嫁接成活率最高为88.8%。山腰的嫁接成活率高达86%,显著高于山顶和山脚。浙江红花油茶砧木生长势越强嫁接成活率越高。接穗于采集当天嫁接效果最好成活率达89.1%,接穗保存1、2、3、4、5、6天嫁接,成活率分别为85.2%、75.2%、51.6%、28.1%、12.2%、9.3%。偏相关分析表明,各因素对嫁接成活率影响由大到小依次为接穗保存时间(-0.97)、郁闭度(0.85)、生长势(0.81)、坡位(-0.65)。