敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的残留动态

采用气相色谱法及田间试验方法,研究敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的残留动态。结果表明,在香蕉上的原始沉积量,敌敌畏>溴氰菊酯>三氟氯氰菊酯,同一农药的原始沉积量与施用量密切相关。敌敌畏在香蕉上消解迅速,在施药1 d后消解率均在80%以上,施药后3 d的残留量≤0.005 mg/kg。溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在香蕉上的残留消解动态符合一级动力学方程,溴氰菊酯推荐剂量为C=0.129 8×e-0.1201t,加倍剂量为C=0.248 9×e-0.114 5t,半衰期(T1/2)为5.8～6.1 d,消解99%所需要时间(T0.99)为38.4～40.3 d;三氟氯氰菊酯推荐剂量为C=0.033 9×e-0.070 0t,加倍剂量为C=0.070 7×e-0.069 5t,T1/2为9.9～10.0 d,T0.99为65.8～66.3 d。敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯在距第2次(末次)施药后60～70 d,香蕉产品的最终残留量均分别<0.005 mg/kg、<0.01 mg/kg、<0.008 mg/kg。     

Urine enhances the leaching and persistence of estrogens in soils

The release of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) into the environment is of concern due to their potential deleterious effects on freshwater ecosystems and human health. Estrogen losses from agricultural land to freshwater have been implicated as a diffuse source of EDC pollution, however, uncertainty exists about the magnitude of this flux in comparison to other point sources (e.g. sewage treatment plants). Recent reviews have all highlighted the need for more mechanistic studies on hormone behaviour in soil environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of aqueous matrix on the leaching, sorption and persistence of two naturally occurring hormones, estrone and 17β-estradiol in three agricultural grassland soils. The hormones were applied to the surface of the soil in two solvents, distilled water and natural sheep urine. Rainfall was subsequently applied to the top of the soil columns and the leachate collected. In comparison to distilled water, the presence of sheep urine both enhanced and prolonged the amount of estrogen leaching from soil. We hypothesized that this enhanced rate of estrogen migration in soil was due to changes in either estrogen sorption or microbial activity. While the presence of urine did not greatly affect the rate and amount of estrogen sorption to soil (K_d = 4-16) it did significantly reduce the rate of hormone mineralization. Overall, our study shows that vertical estrogen movement is rapid, soil type dependent and regulated by the aqueous matrix in which the hormones are contained. In terms of risk assessment and environmental fate modelling, we conclude that previous studies performed using hormones contained in artificial matrices (e.g. distilled water) may have underestimated their rate of dissipation in the environment.     

Effects of Soil Factors on Phytotoxicity and Dissipation of Sulfentrazone in Canadian Prairie Soils

Studies were conducted to examine the effects of soil properties on sulfentrazone phytotoxicity and dissipation under laboratory conditions. The pH values of five soils from Saskatchewan were altered through acidification with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and alkalization with calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). The phytotoxicity of sulfentrazone to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. Beta 1385), determined using a shoot length bioassay, was reduced when soil pH was lowered and was greater when soil pH increased. Concentrations corresponding to 50% inhibition (I₅₀ values) obtained from the dose–response curves were correlated with soil pH, demonstrating the relationship between soil pH and sulfentrazone phytotoxicity. Dissipation of sulfentrazone was examined in soils incubated at 25 °C and moisture content of 85% field capacity. Sulfentrazone dissipation followed a two-compartment model, and sulfentrazone half-lives estimated from the dissipation curves ranged from 21 to 111 days. Half-lives were correlated with soil pH (R = –0.857, p = 0.014) and soil organic carbon content (R = 0.790, p = 0.034) but not with clay content (R = 0.287, p = 0.533). Soil characteristics, particularly soil pH and organic carbon content, affect the bioactivity of sulfentrazone and influence both sulfentrazone efficacy in weed control and its potential for carry-over injury to subsequent crops.     

Enzymatic activities and microbial biomass in soil as influenced by metalaxyl residues

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the impact of metalaxyl application at different concentration levels on microbial biomass and the biochemical activities in soil. A dissipation study of metalaxyl highlighted 52.5-56.8% loss of metalaxyl due to the presence of microbial activity. However, a small but significant decline in microbial biomass was observed on 60 d of incubation period. Metalaxyl showed a highly significant effect in decreasing total N and organic C content in soil from 0 to 30 d of incubation. Dehydrogenase, phosphatase, urease, arylsulphatase and β-glucosidase activities were monitored in metalaxyl treated soils. Except urease, all the enzymatic activities initially increased and then decreased. Urease activity showed a continuous gradual decrease throughout the experimental period. Thus, metalaxyl might influence the growth and development of crop-plants, since it has direct impact on nutrient recycling and energy flow in soil.     

Naphthalene production by microorganisms associated with termites: Evidence from a microcosm experiment

There have been several reports published which suggest that it is possible that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) naphthalene (NAPH), phenanthrene (PHEN) and perylene (PERY) in tropical environments have a biological source. This source might be related to the activity of termites or their associated microorganisms. We aimed to provide direct evidence for the biological production of NAPH, PHEN and PERY by conducting microcosm experiments in the State of Tocantins, Brazil, in which termite nests (with or without termites) were placed in an enclosed environment in which we controlled all PAH fluxes and monitored changes of PAH stocks. The experiments were carried out with termites from a tropical floodplain forest environment at the Estação Canguçu (Ilha do Bananal) in the State of Tocantins, Brazil. We set up the following treatments: live nest of Nasutitermes cf. minor using PAH-poor wood as food (LNW), live nest of Nasutitermes cf. minor using PAH-poor corn as food (LNC), termite nest without live termites called dead nest (DNC) and dead nest with additional treatment by a combined fungicide/bactericide (FDN) in several replicates. In LNW, LNC, and DNC, there were mean increases of 43%, 21%, and 46% in NAPH stock after 20 d while the stocks of the 20 other PAHs studied did not change or even decreased. In contrast, FDN lost 20% of the NAPH stock after 20 d of the microcosm experiment because of dissipation and lack of microbial synthesis of new NAPH. In LNW and LNC, low-molecular weight PAHs (acenaphthylene to chrysene) were significantly lost at a mean percentage which was strongly correlated with the octanol-water partitioning coefficient (K_OW, r = 0.78). This was not the case in DNC and FDN. There were no indications that in the studied termite nests PHEN and PERY were produced. Our microcosm experiments suggest that NAPH can be produced by fungi and bacteria in termite mounds while all other low-molecular weight PAHs are degraded in microcosms with live termite nests. PAH degradation seems to be enhanced by the combined activity of termites and microorganisms.     

城市绿化中竹子的优势及耗散结构理论应用探讨

竹子在城市绿化中的应用,具有生长适应性、种类多样性、文化内涵、生态和社会效益等方面的明显优势;城市竹林生态系统是一种耗散结构,通过优化竹种、优化配置、加强管理、增加生物多样性等方面可提高系统的负熵流,提高城市竹林生态效率;同时,加强城市绿化竹种育种、生态机制等方面研究,为城市竹子绿化提供有效指导。     

考虑关节耗散的平面两自由度五杆机构动力学建模

将摩擦力视为外部非保守力,提出了包含耗散函数的Appell方程。应用运动影响系数法进行机构的运动学分析;构建了机构系统的路里叶耗散函数,推导出广义耗散力。建立了包含耗散函数的平面闭链五杆机构的动力学模型,并提出了解算方法。逆动力学计算结果验证了动力学模型的正确性,仿真结果表明关节摩擦对机构运动的影响显著。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析烟嘧磺隆在玉米和土壤中的残留消解动态

[目的]采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用测定烟嘧磺隆在土壤、玉米植株和玉米籽粒中的消解动态和最终残留。[方法]土壤、玉米植株和玉米籽粒样品经0.2 mol/L磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 7.8)-甲醇提取,提取液用磷酸酸化至pH 2.5后经C18固相萃取柱净化,在ESI+MRM模式下进行检测。[结果]当烟嘧磺隆添加浓度水平为0.001～0.200 mg/kg时,其在玉米植株、玉米籽粒和土壤中的平均回收率为88.6%～99.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%～6.9%;在土壤、玉米籽粒中的检出限为0.001 mg/kg,在玉米植株中的检出限为0.002mg/kg。烟嘧磺隆在土壤中的半衰期为8.6～19.6 d,在玉米植株中的半衰期为0.6～5.5 d;按推荐剂量施药,在青玉米期及成熟期玉米籽粒中烟嘧磺隆的最终残留量均低于定量限。[结论]为烟嘧磺隆的田间合理使用提供了借鉴。     

华北平原农田毛白杨防护林蒸腾变化规律及其与气象因子的关系

于2007年主要生长季(4—9月),采用热扩散(TDP)技术测算了华北平原农田24年生毛白杨防护林带的蒸腾速率,分析了毛白杨蒸腾变化规律及其与气象因子的关系。结果表明:(1)在晴天日和阴天日,毛白杨蒸腾速率的日内变化都为单峰曲线趋势,而在多云日受太阳辐射剧烈变化的影响,为多峰曲线趋势。在4、5、6、7、8、9月份晴天日的单株日平均蒸腾速率分别为5.44、7.84、8.05、7.87、7.26、7.17 L.h-1,在多云日分别为4.10、5.87、6.84、6.68、6.49、5.88 L.h-1,在阴天日分别为4.33、3.56、4.14、5.90、3.39、2.66 L.h-1。(2)毛白杨林带蒸腾量的日际变化或季节变化明显,从4月份开始逐渐升高,5月份由于受林网内农作物灌溉量加大的影响,蒸腾量与6、7月份基本持平,8、9月份逐渐降低。在2007年主要生长季(4—9月),林带蒸腾总量为488.016 mm,4—9月各月蒸腾量所占生长季总蒸腾量的比例分别为11.17%、18.71%、19.30%、19.29%、16.66%、14.88%。(3)主要生长期内,毛白杨蒸腾速率与同步观测得到的太阳辐射、空气温度、空气湿度和风速具有很好的复相关性,回归分析得到的相关模型可通过显著性检验(α=0.01);且计算偏相关系数表明,各月影响蒸腾速率的最主要气象因子均为太阳辐射。     

试用耗散结构理论论动物感染与免疫

本文用耗散结构理论阐述了动物感染与免疫的辩证关系,免疫不仅能阻止感染,而且感染能激发免疫,支配着免疫的发生、发展和进化,决定免疫应答的特征,是免疫反应的动力,促进免疫反应个体发育成熟,并可能产生新的免疫受体或免疫球蛋白等抵抗感染,感染与免疫的关系蕴含着丰富的耗散结构思想。