变螺距变直径螺旋输送器主要参数的选择

本文从实际设计中提出了确定变螺旋输送器主要参数的方法,文中为变螺距、变直径、变螺旋圈数、功率消耗等参数建立了简便的计算公式。     

广东典型稻田系统磷素径流流失特征

选择位于广东省增城、清远和高州地区的3个稻田试验点,于2008-2012年对稻田磷径流损失进行动态监测。结果表明,稻田径流事件主要发生在早稻季。常规施肥模式下稻田总磷径流浓度为0.02~1.56 mg·L^-1,11%~18%的径流样品总磷浓度超过地表水Ⅴ类水标准（0.4 mg·L^-1）,施磷后14 d内降雨易导致稻田不同形态磷浓度出现峰值,具有一定环境污染风险。施磷不同程度增加稻田可溶性总磷径流负荷,对颗粒磷和总磷流失负荷无规律性影响。稻田磷径流负荷时空变化较大,常规施肥条件下可溶性总磷、颗粒磷、总磷年径流负荷分别为0.63~4.05、0.33~2.91、1.10~6.68 kg·hm^-2。本地区稻田磷流失系数为0.06%~6.81%,可溶性总磷是稻田磷径流流失主要形态。施肥量和降雨、径流量是影响本地区稻田磷径流损失的主要因子。     

黄泛区潮土-冬小麦系统中尿素的转化和化肥氮去向

在田间条件下,用~(15)N标记的微区试验法研究了潮土-冬小麦系统中尿素的转化和化肥氮的去向。结果表明:土壤中尿素水解后,主要进行硝化和生物固定,而被粘土矿物固定的量很少;小麦返青后,随着气温上升,生物固定的标记氮不断分解,其量可达总生物固定量的60％。作为基肥条施的尿素,其损失略高于作返青肥或拔节肥表施后随即灌水的处理。氮素损失主要发生在春季气温回升后的生长期间,当季的淋洗损失极微。在较为适宜的用量和施用技术下,化肥氮的损失仍达33—45％,其中以碳酸氢铵为最高,次为硫酸铵和硝酸铵,而尿素和硝酸铵中的硝态氮损失最低。     

基于EDEM小麦收获机清选损失监测试验装置设计

针对小麦损失监测传感器结构复杂、成本较高的问题,对收获机清选排杂口不同物料运动特性进行研究,揭示小麦与秸秆撞击敏感板的作用规律,从清选抛出物冲击敏感板的力学特性出发,设计一种小麦收获机清选损失监测试验装置。通过离散元分析软件EDEM分析小麦籽粒、50mm秸秆、100mm秸秆撞击敏感板产生的作用力,分析接触力变化曲线,证明可通过判断物料撞击敏感板产生的信号进行损失监测。为增强信号采集准确率,采用两片压电传感器串联的方式,增大损失信号。设计损失监测试验台机械结构及控制系统,使监测装置模拟收获机清选排杂过程且可以实时监测信号,有效提高监测效率。最后,通过不同高度物料运动损失监测试验,得出300mm高度下传感器识别较为精准,对小麦籽粒的识别率达到98.4%,整体监测误差小于5%,损失监测试验装置能够达到设计目的和要求。     

Real-time controlled direct injection system for precision farming

Real-time controlled pesticide application requires a fast reacting system, enabling continuous variation of pesticide type and concentration based on a control signal. Direct injection systems meet the requirements for such application; however there are significant differences in the response time and quality of single system designs. This article discusses the complex of problems in direct injection systems in connexion with real-time control and proposes optimisations of system parts in order to reduce the response time and improve the quality of the process. The system response time was reduced to 160 ms for 1% output concentration by optimization of the control process, injection assembly and mixing chamber design.     

不同施肥方式下稻田氮磷流失特征

采用大田小区试验,研究3种不同施肥方式下稻田系统氮(N)、磷(P)流失特征。实验结果表明,施用尿素和缓释肥的混施处理(MT)田面水中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均浓度均为最高,分别为24.01和3.78mg/L,降雨产生径流时的N、P流失风险最大。整个水稻季,MT处理的N、P径流流失负荷分别为23.91和2.67kg/hm2,均为3种施肥处理中最高;MT处理的N、P渗漏流失负荷也为最高,分别为9.19和1.79kg/hm2。相对于MT处理,施用尿素和BB肥的无机处理(CT)及施用有机肥的有机处理(OT)能分别减少14.69%和29.18%的N总流失负荷及61.85%和68.97%的P总流失负荷。N、P的径流流失是稻田N、P流失的主要途径。     

Nutrient-flow wick culture system for potted plant production: System characteristics and plant growth

To compliment the current subirrigation systems used for production of potted plants, a nutrient-flow wick culture (NFW) system was developed and compared with other subirrigation systems, such as an ebb and flow culture (EBB) system and a nutrient-stagnant wick culture (NSW) system in relation to their system characteristics and plant growth. Kalanchoe (Kalanchoe blossfeldiana cv. New Alter) was cultivated in a 6 cm pot for 10 weeks in each subirrigation system. The water-absorption pattern of the medium, water content of the medium, water loss, algal growth, salt-buildup and plant growth under various culture systems were observed. The water contents of medium under the NFW and EBB systems showed fluctuations from 30 to 40% and from 50 to 60% (by volume), respectively, whereas the water content under the NSW system gradually increased to over 40% without fluctuation. Relative to other systems, the water loss in the NFW system was 50–70% due to the reduction in the evaporation from the surfaces of the trough and medium. Algae appeared in the NSW system because the nutrient solution was always stagnant in the trough, while it was not observed under the NFW system. The dissolved oxygen in the nutrient solution was the highest during the irrigation period and the salinity in the medium was the lowest in the NFW system. With regard to system characteristics, the NFW system was simple, water-saving and efficient. In addition, the growth of kalanchoes in the NFW system was similar to those in the NSW and EBB systems at an irrigation frequency of five times a day.     

黔北地区5种竹材室内耐腐性研究

将彩绂革盖菌、棉腐卧孔菌和密粘褶菌作为试验菌种接种在硬头黄等5个竹种竹材和马尾松木材上进行耐腐性试验.结果表明,这些竹材在不同菌种侵蚀下的失重率不同,且差异较为显著.经过耐腐性评价,最耐腐的竹种为花吊丝竹,耐腐的竹种为斑竹、方竹和篌竹,稍耐腐的竹种为硬头黄和马尾松木材.在彩绒革盖菌和棉腐卧孔菌侵蚀下,竹材的耐久平均时间较长.     

Salinity and geomorphology drive long‐term changes to local and regional fish assemblage attributes in the lower Pecos River,Texas

River systems throughout arid regions worldwide have been heavily impacted by human activities, resulting in long‐term ecological consequences. The lower Pecos River in the Trans‐Pecos region of Texas is no exception, having undergone anthropogenic changes that include decreased flow, elevated salinity, species loss and species invasion. We compared historical and contemporary fish assemblage attributes from the Pecos River at local (site‐specific) and regional (Trans‐Pecos region) scales across a 24‐year time period. Fish assemblage data were collected in October 1987 and 2011, by seining at 15 sites spanning 430 km of the river in Texas. Additionally, we examined contemporary environmental conditions to determine species–environment relationships. We found that fish assemblages were significantly different between time periods, likely due to increased salinisation in the upper half of the study region. Decreased species richness, species replacement and increases in euryhaline species were documented in the upstream sites. Freshwater springs lower the salinity and maintain flows in the downstream reach, allowing for maintenance of the native fish fauna. Careful management of regional aquifers, irrigation practices and petroleum waste water will be necessary for protecting biodiversity and environmental flows in the lower Pecos River.     

Vertical Water Circulation Capabilities of an Electric Paddle Wheel Aerator and Dissolved Oxygen Loss Due to Daytime Aeration

ABSTRACT

Vertical water circulation by the paddle wheel aerator was determined by measuring dissolved oxygen profiles in a 3.6-m deep watershed pond during daylight hours, using aerated and non-aerated treatments. The paddle wheel aerator circulated the well-oxygenated surface water to the pond bottom, producing a uniform dissolved oxygen profile in the aerated treatment, while the non-aerated treatment maintained high dissolved oxygen concentrations near the surface with low dissolved oxygen concentrations near the pond bottom. The aerated treatment contained 35.6% less dissolved oxygen than the non-aerated treatment after four hours as a result of operating the aerator during the daytime. The paddle wheel aerator, with a shallow (10 cm) paddle immersion, is effective in vertically circulating water in deeper ponds. However, substantial loss of dissolved oxygen may result from operating the aerator on days with high rates of photosynthesis.