Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test Method Optimization for Analysis of Temperate Mineral Grassland Soils

ABSTRACT

A reliable and practical test that can provide timely measurements of the levels of mineralizable nitrogen (MN) in soil is critical for improving the accuracy of N fertilizer applications for grassland and crops. The Illinois soil N test (ISNT) is considered to be a good estimate of MN, once soils are grouped according to soil characteristics such as the drainage type and sampling depth. To date, development and evaluation of the ISNT method has been conducted using arable soils mainly in North America where, in general, soils have lower levels of soil organic matter (SOM) compared to temperate grassland soils. We evaluated the effects of two pre-treatment soil aggregate sizes of <1 mm and <2 mm on the yield and recovery of MN (1) across temperate grassland soil types, and (2) across a 6-h interval diffusion period. No significant difference existed in the concentrations of ISNT-N between the two soil aggregate sizes of each soil type. For both aggregate sample sizes, the recovery of spiked amino sugar-N glucosamine from a temperate grassland soil was generally linear until hour 5, after which the quantities of recovered N diminished. Although N recovery after 6 h of diffusion at 50°C (±1°C) was less than 100% in both aggregate size samples, the response models indicated that the standard ISNT protocol using a 5-h diffusion period is appropriate for temperate grassland soils. The incomplete recovery of N in these mineral soils suggested that the protocol could be further optimized for temperate soils with high organic matter content and additional evaluation of the temperature during diffusion within an enclosed environment may be required using N (spiked glucosamine-N) recovery studies.     

Porous tubing for use in monitoring soil CO2 concentrations

The composition of the soil atmosphere is an indicator of biological processes, and soil CO₂ gradients have been used to estimate CO₂ efflux from the surface. Soil atmosphere samplers, constructed with gas-permeable materials, have been used to quantify soil CO₂ concentrations. The type of material used can influence the perceived real-time concentrations of CO₂ in the soil. Previous works have not directly compared different types of materials under the same conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the diffusion coefficient (D) and time of 95% equilibrium (t_eq) of CO₂ through several materials, and to evaluate the effect of long-term soil burial (183 days) on diffusion characteristics. Materials tested included silicone, expanded Teflon (ePTFE), and ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (PE) tubing. The D of each material was determined using a closed-loop system consisting of a CO₂-enriched (7800 ppm) chamber, a CO₂ analyzer and an inner tube (experimental tubing) placed inside the chamber. Air was re-circulated through the inner tube, and as CO₂ diffused from the chamber into the tubing, the analyzer recorded the increase in concentration. The silicone tubes had values of D ranging from 8.64 to 5.80×10⁻⁶ cm² s⁻¹ with corresponding t_eq between 3.9 and 9.7 h. Diffusion coefficients of the ePTFE (1.25×10⁻⁴ cm² s⁻¹) and PE (7.70×10⁻⁴ cm² s⁻¹) materials were 2 orders of magnitude greater, with t_eq<6 min. Exposure to the soil environment for 183 days did not visibly deteriorate the materials or significantly affect the D or t_eq values. Use of the ePTFE or PE materials, over the silicone materials, may allow for better characterization of dynamic CO₂ concentrations in the soil based on the greater D and lesser t_eq values of these materials.     

WeibuⅡ作物损失模型的差分法拟合

Pennypacker(1980)、Madden(1981)等学者将韦布尔(Weibull)曲线y(x)=1-exp{-((x-a)/b)~c}(x>a,b>0,c>0)用以描述植病进展和植病导致产量损失的非线性回归关系,其生物学意义和适应性引起人们注意。但是如何利用一组实验数据来拟合该模型,一直没有一个简便易行的方法。为了解决这个问题,本文研究了Weibull模型的差分法拟合技术。     

积分型Meyer-Knig-Zeller算子在Orlicz空间中的逼近阶

在Orlicz空间LM 中研究积分型Meyer-Ko　¨nig-Zeller算子的逼近阶,并得到了1种估计。     

What determines the temperature response of soil organic matter decomposition?

The temperature dependence of litter and soil organic matter (SOM) mineralisation is important because it determines how strong the feedback from the expected warmer climate may be on the atmospheric CO₂ concentration. We have used a simple, analytical model to investigate how three different mechanism (i) the rate at which decomposers take up substrate at their surface; (ii) the rate by which substrate diffuses up to the surface of the decomposer; and (iii) the rate at which substrate is made available in the environment interact to determine the temperature response. The mechanisms are characterised by activation energies; two for the uptake rate (i) and one for each of the other two (ii, iii). The model shows that the temperature dependence is the result of the number of processes that effectively contributes to the rate of mineralisation; this result should also be valid if other processes are included. Depending upon the relative magnitude of the four activation energies, the temperature response is mainly determined by one or two of the mechanisms. In a transition zone, where all activation energies are similar and the number of contributing processes changes, there can be either a sharp increase or a sharp decrease in the temperature response when activation energies change.     

Condition of Approximation Order for M-band Multiscaling Functions in Frequency Domain

Approximation order plays an important role in characterizing multiscaling functios.The sufficient and necessary condition of approximation order is obtained by studying M - band multiscaling functions in frequency domain.     

The non-recoverable phosphorus following sorption onto a Brazilian Ultisol

Phosphorus (P) immobilization in soil involves geochemical (e.g., sorption, precipitation, and diffusion) and microbiological (microbial uptake) processes. Using a Brazilian Ultisol, relative contributions of both processes to the total immobilization of applied P over 14 days were investigated. The P immobilized by microbes as interpreted by microbial suppression (achieved by mercury sterilization) was 17, 50, 54, and 56% (of the total immobilized P) on days 3, 7, 10, and 14 after fertilization, respectively. In the short-term (1 to 3 days), microbes played less of a role than did the physical effect of shaking the soil, but became the major factor by days 7 to 14. Geochemical process that might be considered short-term ageing caused only 13–16% of the total immobilization in the same time period above. Calculations supported the interpretation that measurable diffusion occurred across water films on the soil particles.     

川南地区1989—2019年农业干旱危险性特征分析

旨在研究川南地区近30年农业干旱危险性特征。基于川南地区（内江市、自贡市、宜宾市、泸州市）1989—2019年夏季（6—8月）降水数据,组成了降水距平百分率和农业干旱危险性等级之间的模糊隶属函数,通过引入区间平均隶属度,将信息扩散理论与之结合,研究了川南经济区的农业干旱危险性特征。结果显示：轻、中度农业干旱危险性水平最大的都是泸州市,危险性水平分别达21.47%、15.32%;重度农业干旱危险性水平最大的是自贡市,其危险性水平达7.58%;严重农业干旱危险性水平最大的是宜宾市,其危险性水平达7.47%。     

海南岛白唇竹叶青蛇扩散的初步研究

据《中国动物志》记载,海南岛的竹叶青蛇为两个物种,即白唇竹叶青蛇和福建竹叶青蛇。为研究白唇竹叶青蛇在海南岛上的扩散路线,作者采集了海南岛不同方位的标本共12号,PCR扩增其12S、16S、Cyt b、ND_4四个线粒体基因序列,共约1 446 bp,并从GenBank下载了10个个体的Cyt b和ND_4基因序列;通过绘制单倍型的统计简约网络图,进行原始单倍型分析,再绘制扩散路线图。结果显示,采自海南岛西部的单倍型较多,故初步得出结论,白唇竹叶青蛇在岛上很可能自西向东扩散。     

最佳逼近法求解定传动比连杆机构的精度预测

应用误差理论对最佳逼近法求解从动杆作近似等速运动的平面连杆机构的理论运动精度进行了分析,导出了误差传动比公式,利用计算机绘制了误差曲线,从而为仪器仪表中实现线性位移的平面连杆机构的尺度综合提供了精度预测手段和重要的评估参数。