黑龙江省东南部林区6种啮齿动物食性分析

为了准确掌握黑龙江省东南部地区对农林危害比较严重的啮齿动物的食性及食物量,以便更好地、有针对性地灭鼠,从而为林业部门预防鼠害提供科学依据,于2010年3月—2011年1月通过实地考察,对捕获的鼠进行解剖,并结合实验室喂养进行食物量测定。结果表明,种子和浆果是树栖型种类啮齿动物的主要食物,约占70%左右;而地栖型种类啮齿动物的食物存在明显的季节性和地域性差异。     

The availability of state-level data on interstate cattle movements in the United States

Knowledge about the patterns of animal movement – particularly feeder-cattle movement – within the USA is necessary in order to anticipate how diseases might be spread geographically. This study was conducted to explore the availability of interstate-level movement data which might be used to develop a more coherent national picture of interstate feeder-cattle movement. State Statistical Offices of the National Agricultural Statistics Service, 1996 (NASS) and Departments of Agriculture in all 50 states were contacted to determine the type of information collected regarding the import and export of feeder cattle. Eighteen of the 50 states contacted recorded updated import and export information by using certificates of veterinary inspection and (occasionally) entry permits for verification. The 18 states were: Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Profiles of import and export data from Kansas, Texas, Colorado and Iowa (the primary receivers of 51% of total 1995 imports) were developed. These four states received at least 50% of their cattle imports from <9 different states. As a result, approximately half of the nation's import movement can be explained by a total of 13 states and Mexico (excluding duplicates). Also, >50% of the exports from Kansas, Texas, Colorado, and Iowa go to ≤3 states. This import and export information confirms conclusions of others that cattle tend to move toward the center of the USA. However, if more states kept comprehensive, up-to-date records of movement information, knowledge about cattle-movement patterns in the USA would be importantly increased. The lack of specific notations on certificates of veterinary inspection can lead only to perceived trends; the present records have limited value in tracking animal movement.     

Fatty acid profile as affected by fat depot and the sex category of Polish Holstein-Friesian × Limousin fattening cattle fed silage ad libitum

This study was designed to compare the fatty acid profiles of four types of fat depots from bulls, steers, and heifers. All animals were Polish Holstein-Friesian and Limousin crossbreds fattened semi-intensively—silage at libitum and concentrate in the amount corresponding to 30% of their net energy requirements. The fatty acid profile in intramuscular, intermuscular, and external and internal fat was determined. The intramuscular fat of bulls was most abundant in total PUFAs and n-6 PUFAs, and functional fatty acids C 18:2, C 20:4, and C 22:5 in comparison with steers and heifers. Regardless of sex category, intramuscular and external fat were characterized by higher levels of UFAs and a more desirable MUFA/SFA ratio than the remaining fat types. It should also be noted that external fat was more abundant in CLA than other fat types, and that the highest CLA content was found in bull fat, compared with the remaining sex categories of cattle.     

鉴别显色培养基在奶牛乳房炎病原菌快速鉴定中的应用

为研发用于奶牛乳房炎常见病原菌分离鉴定的鉴别显色培养基,并检验其与普通分离鉴定培养基辅以生化鉴定和16S rRNA核酸序列测定两种传统方法鉴定结果的一致性,笔者以生物信息学方法筛出各种属细菌的特异性酶、可作为唯一碳源发酵产酸的碳源,然后合成酶显色底物,连同碳源、酸碱指示剂制备显色培养基,将各种属标准菌株、野生型菌株涂布培养,评估菌落形态、菌落颜色及培养基基质颜色变化。采集隐性乳房炎(CMT法检测)及临床型乳房炎病例的牛奶样品(絮状物、凝块、清亮状或血乳)共计482份,用鉴别显色培养基和两种传统方法进行病原菌的分离、鉴定。鉴别显色培养基上菌落纯化后提取DNA用于16S rRNA序列扩增,产物送去测序(n=194)。以两种传统方法为参考,判定鉴别显色培养基鉴定病原菌的可靠性,用SAS 9.4的FREQ程序计算鉴别显色培养基的简单科恩κ系数。鉴别显色培养基上常见乳房炎病原菌不同种属的菌落形态和培养基基质颜色明显不同,肉眼即可辨别。鉴别显色培养基与两种传统方法鉴定结果的一致性参数分别为κ=0.70、κ=0.96。鉴别显色培养基能够作为常见奶牛乳房炎病原菌的标准鉴定方法。     

Plant Species Composition and Forage Production 14 Yr After Biosolids Application and Grazing Exclusion

This paper examines the effects of a single surface application of biosolids (at 20 dry Mg ha^{? 1}) on plant species composition, forage quality and quantity, and C stocks after 14 yr of rest in rangelands of the Central Interior of British Columbia. More than two times the aboveground biomass of grasses and the percent cover of plant litter were found in the biosolids treatment relative to the control, along with reductions in bare soil and microbiotic crust cover. Significantly greater plant uptake of all macronutrients (C, N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg); most micronutrients (B, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn); and Al occurred in the biosolids treatment. P and Cu were the only two nutrients to be more concentrated in the biosolids-treated forage relative to the control forage, while N, Mg, and protein were more concentrated in the control forage. No significant difference in forage digestibility was found between biosolids and control treatments. Bluebunch wheatgrass, the late-seral native grass species, had significantly increased cover and aboveground biomass in the biosolids treatment relative to the control; however, between 2006 and 2016, non-native Kentucky bluegrass had reached > 25% cover in the biosolids plots, perhaps restricting the full recovery of bluebunch wheatgrass. Our findings indicate that biosolids application to ungrazed rangeland can increase long-term forage production and reduce bare soil. However, at our study site biosolids application also led to a long-term shift in the plant community composition away from the late-seral (i.e., bluebunch wheatgrass) trajectory, and the effects of this shift on rangeland health and productivity require further investigation.     

宿主域扩大的重组救活昆虫杆状病毒表达载体的构建及外源基因的表达

通过克隆的家蚕核多角体病毒解旋酶基因DNA与重组救活可线性化的苜蓿尺蠖核多角体病毒基因工程载体病毒 (BacPAK6 )DNA在昆虫细胞中发生重组 ,经累代筛选获得了既可感染家蚕又可感染秋粘虫细胞Sf 2 1的宿主域扩大的昆虫杆状病毒表达载体 (HyBacPAK6 )。HyBacPAK6DNA经Bsu36Ⅰ酶切后与含植酸酶基因的转移载体pVL1393 phy在家蚕细胞中重组后 ,通过蓝白斑筛选发现重组率可达 90 %以上。然而以杂交病毒为载体的外源基因表达量仅为以BmNPV为载体病毒的表达量的 2 0 %左右。分析认为HyBacPAK6可用于表达一些对蚕体有害的外源基因。     

星星草对碱化土壤物理性质的影响

研究不同生长年限的星星草对碱化土壤及对应碱斑土壤的机械组成、土壤孔隙度、容重和含水量的影响。结果表明,星星草生长1、2和3年后,粘粒和细砂所占比例减小,而粗粉和细粉所占比例增大。土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度随着生长年数的增加呈不同程度的增加,而土壤容重则越来越小,>0.25mm的水稳定性团聚体随之增加。星星草地土壤含水量和田间持水量均高于碱斑土壤。星星草改善了碱化土壤结构、通透性、保水性和土壤物理环境。     

紫花苜蓿多叶型与三叶型品种同工酶的比较研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对国外2种多叶型苜蓿及国内外5种三叶型苜蓿幼苗的5种同工酶进行了测定,将酶谱数量化,应用SPSS统计软件求出各品种间的遗传一致度及欧氏遗传距离,并进行了聚类分析.结果表明:1)测定的5种同工酶中过氧化物酶(PER)、酯酶(EST)、淀粉酶(AMY)具有多态性,综合此3种酶酶谱可以鉴定供试的7个品种;2)2个多叶型品种具有一共同特征酶带PER-4,国内品种的过氧化物酶活性明显高于国外品种;3)品种间的遗传一致度为0.826～0.952,欧氏遗传距离为0.500～1.118,多叶型品种间遗传一致度为0.904,欧氏遗传距离为0.500;4)等级聚类分析结果为,以欧氏遗传距离0.400为分界,供试品种分为3类,2个多叶型品种为一类,其余的5种三叶型品种分为另两类.     

黄土高原沟壑区环境与牧草适宜性的调查分析

2003年6-7月,对黄土高原地区甘肃庆阳宁县瓦斜乡东风沟内的天然植被进行了种类和盖度的调查.结合调查数据,根据草地资源调查规划学原理对生态系统健康状况与草地退化程度进行了评价,提出该区退化草地生态系统培育与恢复、退耕还草区域环境改良的建议.查询"中国草业开发专家系统"后,根据该软件中"牧草栽培"与"草原综合顺序分类"模块提供的专家建议,比较实验数据,做出牧草适宜性分析.     

陕西省动物研究所馆藏标本现状及分析

陕西省动物研究所现有馆藏标本5万余份,是秦岭地区野生动物保护及研究的重要参考资料。为加强标本管理,提高标本使用效率,我们在2008年4月至2009年6月对所内馆藏标本进行了系统分类整理,分析总结了馆藏标本的现实状况并就存在的问题进行了探讨,为标本数字化共享平台建设奠定了基础,并为今后科研院校在动物学研究领域的交流与合作奠定基础。