干旱区农田灌溉前后土壤水盐时空变异性研究

通过田间土壤剖面取样,测定了新疆奇台县干旱区农田灌溉前、灌溉后1 周和3 周土壤水盐的时空变异特征。结果表明: 灌溉前, 剖面各层土壤含水量较低(15.25%~16.70%), 且呈中等(偏弱)变异性; 剖面上部(40 cm 以上)土壤盐分呈强变异性, 而下部为中等(偏强)变异性。灌溉后1 周, 除0~20 cm(弱变异性)外, 其他土层水分及剖面下部盐分变异性未变, 但变异系数均减小, 上部土壤盐分转为中等(偏强)变异性; 剖面平均土壤含水量升高10.51%, 脱盐率达8.94%, 其中, 表层(0~20 cm)土壤水分增加率(118.48%)及脱盐率(20.86%)最大, 底层(100~120 cm)水分增加率(40.54%)及脱盐率(-6.93%)最小。灌溉后3 周与1 周相比, 各层(除80~100 cm 土层)水分及盐分的变异性保持不变, 但水分的变异系数增大, 而盐分的变异系数减小; 剖面平均含水量减少5.20%, 表层(0~20 cm)失水率(36.47%)最大, 80~100 cm 失水率(7.31%)最小; 表层土壤积盐率(4.55%)约为20~40 cm 土层的12 倍; 而40 cm 土层以下仍处于脱盐阶段, 40~80 cm 土壤脱盐率减小, 80~120 cm 土层脱盐率(9.03%)增大。     

不同结构滴灌双向流道灌水器抗堵性能对比试验

该文开展滴灌双向流道抗堵性能研究,以提高灌水器对含沙率较高的地表水源的适应性。试验浑水含沙率为30 g/L,经20次浑水试验,设置3种结构参数不同的双向流道灌水器(1#,2#,3#),并对比迷宫式流道灌水器的水力性能和抗堵性能。结果表明:1#、2#、3#双向流道浑水流量分别为清水流量的77.44%,83.35%,85.43%,而迷宫式流道在12次试验后完全堵塞。双向流道灌水器与迷宫式流道灌水器的水力性能及抗堵性能差异显著,且双向流道的水力性能及抗堵性能均优于迷宫式流道;双向流道水力性能越好,抗堵性能越差;流道形式及结构参数是影响灌水器水力性能及抗堵性能的重要因素。试验结束后,观测流道泥沙沉积情况,发现泥沙沉积程度由前段(进口)到后段(出口)逐渐减少;采用电子显微镜分别获取流道前段、中段和后段沉积泥沙样品扫描图像,利用Image Pro Plus 6.0软件分析沉积泥沙样品的粒径组成,发现沿流道方向,粒径(29)0.03 mm的泥沙颗粒质量分数逐渐减小,粒径(27)0.005 mm的泥沙颗粒质量分数呈先减小后增加的趋势;流道沉积泥沙中粒径(27)0.03 mm的颗粒质量分数占92.23%~97.89%,此粒径范围的泥沙颗粒更易在双向流道内沉积,引起堵塞。     

微波干燥与常规干燥中木材内含水率动态分布

以黑胡桃木材为对象,采用X射线扫描含水率分布测试方法,分析、比较了微波干燥与常规热风干燥过程中木材内部含水率动态分布规律.结果表明:在微波干燥和常规热风干燥过程中,木材内层含水率均高于表层,存在着整体性的内高外低的含水率梯度场;在接个微波干燥过程中,木材内部虽然出现了部分内层含水率低于外层的情况,存在着含水率分布的局部不均匀,但并未出现与常规热风干燥相反的含水率梯度;在微波干燥中,木材内部各层与表层含水率的差值随着干燥时间的延长逐渐降低.随着干燥过程的进行,常规热风干燥中木材芯层与表层含水率差呈现出先增加后减小的变化趋势.     

不同树种种质耐苏打盐碱土的苗木试验

应用完全随机区组试验,对38份植物种质进行耐苏打盐碱能力试验,结果表明:白刺种质不适合在弱盐碱地块下生长。在低、中含盐碱地块下试验的苗木,其保存率差异极显著,但成活率差异都不显著。选出白榆57、72、212、216、8033,沙枣、白蜡、杜梨、西伯利亚白刺、齿叶白刺、甘肃柽柳、甘蒙柽柳和多枝柽柳为耐中度苏打盐碱土的植物。在高浓度土壤含盐量地块下,不同种质苗木成活率与保存率差异显著,筛选出西伯利亚白刺(通榆种源)、齿叶白刺、甘肃柽柳、甘蒙柽柳和多枝柽柳为耐重度苏打盐碱土的植物。     

Effect of banding or burdizzo castration on plasma testosterone, acute-phase proteins, scrotal circumference, growth, and health of bulls

The objective was to assess the effect of banding or burdizzo castration performed on farms on plasma testosterone, acute-phase proteins, scrotal circumferences, growth, and well-being of bulls. 243 Continental bulls (12 months; 399.2 ± 5.72 kg) from three different farms were allocated at random, after stratification on weight within breed type, to one of three treatment groups: banding castration (BAND; n = 80), burdizzo castration (BURD; n = 83), or controls (CON; n = 80). The castration methods were conducted under local anaesthesia, and tetanus toxoid vaccine and antibiotic were also injected at castration. BAND and BURD castrates had lower (P < 0.001) plasma testosterone concentration than control bulls, with no difference between BAND and BURD castrates on 28 d post-castration. From days 0 to 14 post-castration, BAND (P = 0.0002) and BURD (P < 0.0001) castrates had lower average daily gain (ADG) than CON bulls, no difference (P = 0.46) was found between BAND and BURD castrates. From days 15 to 28, BAND castrates had lower ADG compared with BURD castrates (P = 0.03) and CON bulls (P = 0.01), while no difference (P = 0.76) was found between BURD and CON. From days 29 to 56, BAND (P = 0.01) and BURD (P = 0.002) castrates had lower ADG than CON bulls, no difference (P = 0.55) was found between BAND and BURD. From days 57 to 84, the ADG of BAND castrates was not different compared with BURD castrates (P = 0.12) and CON bulls (P = 0.38), while BURD had lower (P = 0.02) ADG compared with CON. The integrated ADG from day 0 to 112 of BAND (P = 0.0001) and BURD (P = 0.02) groups were lower compared with CON, while there was no difference (P = 0.09) between BAND and BURD castrates. On d 14 post-castration, BAND castrates had lower scrotal temperature than BURD (P < 0.0001) and CON (P < 0.0001), and BURD castrates had greater (P < 0.006) scrotal temperature than CON; BAND castrates had lower scrotal latitudinal and longitudinal circumferences than BURD castrates (P < 0.001) and CON bulls (P < 0.001), and BURD castrates had greater (P < 0.001) scrotal latitudinal and longitudinal circumferences than CON bulls. BAND (P < 0.0001) and BURD (P = 0.01) castrates had greater glucose concentration than CON bulls, and BAND castrates had greater (P = 0.04) glucose concentration than BURD. In conclusion, BAND or BURD castration significantly reduced plasma testosterone concentration; reduced average daily weight gain mainly during the first 2 weeks, which was not compensated during the subsequent 16 weeks; increased withdrawal of stored energy and increased plasma protein concentration. BURD showed an advantage over BAND in growth during days 15 to 28 following castration.     

微颗粒型鱼苗开口饵料的配制及研究进展

综述了近年来微颗粒型鱼苗开口饵料在配方、制备工艺和应用方面所取得的进展,进行了对比分析,指出某些不足之处,重点讨论了微颗粒型鱼苗开口饵料所碰到的营养物渗漏问题,并对今后的发展提出建议。     

杜鹃花属植物内生真菌对毛棉杜鹃幼苗生长的影响

对来自粤北3种野生杜鹃花属植物根样中的聚多曲霉（Aspergillus sydowii）（菌株号：YJ1,YS2）、杂色曲霉A. versicolor（菌株号：GD1）3个内生真菌菌株及其混合菌剂进行瓶内接种试验,比较其对毛棉杜鹃（Rhododendron moulmainense）幼苗的菌根侵染率、苗高和生物量的影响。结果表明,3个菌株及其混合菌剂均可与毛棉杜鹃幼苗根系形成菌根共生体,但不同菌剂在不同培养基上对毛棉杜鹃幼苗根系的侵染力、苗高增长和生物量增重效果存在显著差异（P<0.05）。多数菌剂（YS2、M3、M1、M2）在MMN培养基上对幼苗根系侵染力显著高于WPM培养基和混合基质培养基（P<0.05）,而多数接菌苗（YJ1、GD1、M2、M3）在WPM培养基上生长显著优于MMN培养基（P<0.05）,YS2、GD1和混合菌剂M2（YS2+GD1）对毛棉杜鹃幼苗的增高和增重具有明显的促生作用。     

矮生沿阶草适宜液肥配方的初步研究

为加速矮生沿阶草的繁殖和推广,通过N、P、K 3因素不同配比施肥,研究不同NPK的配合施用对矮生沿阶草生长的影响。综合叶片生长速率、出叶速率、叶绿素含量、单位时间内新根发生数量、根系活力等测定结果认为,NPK适当配比才能促进其正常生长,处理N2P2K1、N2P2K2能较好地调节矮生沿阶草地上、地下生物量分配,促进植株快速生长。适宜矮生沿阶草生长的专用肥配方为N、P2O5、K2O按照7:3:（8~8.5）配比。     

施氮量对稻麦干物质转运与氮肥利用的影响

为探讨太湖地区稻麦轮作农田适宜施氮量及氮素对干物质转运与氮肥利用的影响,于2007—2009年间在中国科学院常熟农业生态实验站建立田间定位试验。设置4个氮肥处理水平,分别用N0、N1、N2和N3表示。水稻各处理的施氮量分别为0、125、225和325kghm-2;小麦相应处理施氮量分别为0、94、169和244kghm-2(为稻季相应处理施氮量的75%)。结果表明,水稻施氮量超过225kghm-2,小麦施氮量超过169kghm-2后,产量增加不显著。水稻、小麦开花期干物质积累量均随施氮量的增加而增加,但花前营养器官干物质转运对籽粒贡献率均随氮肥用量增加而降低;氮肥农学效率与氮肥生理效率均随氮肥用量增加而降低,且N2与N3处理之间差异不显著;边际产量均随施氮量增加而下降,N3处理边际效益水稻平均低于3.1kgkg-1,小麦平均低于2.4kgkg-1。综上所述,无论水稻还是小麦,N2处理既能保证较高物质转运率,又能保证较高的氮肥利用效率与经济效益。     

库布齐沙漠几种固沙植物蒸腾速率的季节变化特征

采用快速称重法对库布齐沙漠人工柠条、沙枣和不同林龄的人工梭梭以及天然植物油蒿蒸腾速率日进程的季节变化进行了测定,并同时测定了气温、小枝含水率等相关环境因子。结果表明:不同植物种其蒸腾速率特征因季节变化存在明显差异;对几种植物种的蒸腾速率与气温和小枝含水率进行回归分析表明,除4年生梭梭外,均呈现出不同程度的相关性,其中油蒿的复相关系数最高为0.925,其次是3年生梭梭为0.793,2年生梭梭的相关系数(除4年生梭梭外)在几种植物中最低为0.426。沙枣和柠条均与气温呈直线相关,而与小枝含水率的相关性极低。沙枣和柠条相比,与气温的相关程度更高。