基于ITS序列探讨西瓜种下分化

【研究目的】对源自中国和非洲的15个西瓜Citrullus lanatus的核糖体基因内转录间隔区(in-ternal transcribed spacers,ITS)全序列进行比较分析。供试材料包括Mucosospermus亚种、Vulgaris亚种、源自中国的3个品种、源自加纳的3个品种和1个来自布基纳法索的品种。【结果】西瓜种内总变异位点27个,占总碱基数的5.93%,6个信息位点,占总碱基数的1.32%。不同品种西瓜的ITS序列全长455～473bp,G+C含量61.49%～63.41%。【结论】从ITS序列全长构建的系统树可以看出西瓜具有地理分化现象,中国西瓜和非洲西瓜分属不同分支。此研究对西瓜的引种、育种以及研究西瓜的地理演化都具有一定的指导意义。     

苜蓿黄萎病菌中国菌株生物学特性研究

为了解我国苜蓿黄萎病菌的生物学特性,于2007-2008年间对苜蓿黄萎病菌进行了分离、鉴定及生物学特性研究。采用常规组织分离法从新疆伊犁地区新源县苜蓿黄萎病标样中分离到一种真菌(VA001),依据Koch′s法则,并结合形态学、培养特性及ITS序列分析,鉴定为黑白轮枝菌(Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke et Berthold)。适合该菌生长的培养基有甜瓜培养基、马铃薯蔗糖培养基、马铃薯培养基,适合产孢的培养基有马铃薯葡萄糖培养基、甜瓜培养基、梅干培养基。在碳源和氮源中,麦芽糖(Maltose)、乳糖(Lactose)、甘露醇(Mannitolum)、赖氨酸(Lysine)、牛肉膏(Beef extract)、氨基乙酸(Aminoacetic acid)、组氨酸(Histidine)有利于病菌的生长;蔗糖(Sugar)、果糖(Fructose)、乳糖(Lactose)、硝酸钠(Sodium nitrate)、丙氨酸(Alanine)有利于病菌的产孢。苜蓿黄萎菌生长和产孢的适宜pH值为7.0-9.5,温度为25℃。     

斑背大尾莺汉口亚种(Locustella pryeri sinensis)遗传多样性及种群结构研究

采用线粒体控制区（807bp）序列分析对中国境内斑背大尾驾3个繁殖种群及1个越冬种群的遗传多样性及种群遗传结构,结果表明：斑背大尾莺的单倍型歧义度（Hd）为0.759±0.056,核苷酸多样性较（π）为0.002。三个地理种群的FST值以及繁殖种群同越冬种群之间的ΦST值表明不同地理单元之间无显著遗传分化。对不同单倍型的聚类分析（UPGMA）结果以及网络图（Network picture）结果也支持不同种群之间无显著分化。分子变异分析 （AMOVA）显示斑背大尾莺汉口亚种不同地理种群间遗传差异不大,98.5%的差异源自种群内部,仅1.5%源自种群间。中性检验结果Fu’sFS值为负值,错配分布分析结果呈单峰,表明斑背大尾驾在我国的进化史经历了种群扩张。这一假设也得到Tajima’D检验和Fu’s检验结果的支持（D=-1.80,p=0.02;Fs=-22.11,p=0.001）,该扩张大约发生在28,700年前。     

猪毛干部位基因组DNA的三种提取方法比较

通过比较三种猪毛干基因组DNA提取方法,改进了提取猪毛干基因组DNA的技术方法。将DNA提取物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外可见分光光度计及PCR扩增分析,结果表明,在毛干中能成功提取到基因组DNA,其浓度和纯度足以满足分子生物学技术试验的要求,该技术还可以减少对动物的伤害,在样品不易获得的濒危动物研究中尤为适用。     

Use of quantitative real‐time PCR to assess the in vitro survival of specific DNA gene sequences of rumen microbes under simulated abomasal conditions

The use of specific DNA sequences (DS) as a microbial marker in post‐rumen digesta requires their persistence and integrity throughout gastric digestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the survival of microbial DS during gastric digestion and the factors involved. Gastric pH had a highly significant effect on the integrity of DS. pH 4.2 allows for a significant growth of microbes in the medium, but at pH 1.2, almost all of the DS were hydrolysed. In the presence of carboxymethylcellulose, the effect of pH was reduced, pepsin activity was inhibited and gene survival increased considerably. In the simulated abomasal conditions (pH = 2.3, 2 g/l of carboxymethylcellulose, and 40‐min retention time), almost all of the bacterial genes and around 78% of the protozoa gene sequences retained their molecular integrity throughout gastric digestion, although factors such as acidity and viscera retention time might compromise the utilisation of DS as a microbial marker.     

褐马鸡非损伤性取样、微量取样DNA提取的初步研究

褐马鸡是中国特有的国家Ⅰ级保护濒危鸟类,为了解决野生褐马鸡分子生物学研究中存在的取样局限性,采用非伤害性取样和非损伤性取样,对褐马鸡微量血液、皮、脚垫、指甲、羽毛、陈旧标本的皮以及粪便的DNA提取进行了初步研究。结果表明,从褐马鸡微量血液（10μL）中可以提取到浓度和纯度高的基因组DNA（41.85μg）;从褐马鸡的皮、脚垫、指甲、羽毛中可以提取出基因组DNA并扩增出目标片断;陈旧标本的皮能够提取到基因组DNA。该研究将拓宽褐马鸡分子生物学研究的采样范围,并可以提高野外非损伤性取样在保护遗传学中的应用。     

家蚕追寄蝇线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因及其侧翼tRNA基因的克隆与序列结构和进化分析

家蚕追寄蝇(Exorista sorbillans)为双翅目、寄蝇科、追寄蝇属昆虫,寄生家蚕后引起多化性蚕蛆病。研究家蚕追寄蝇的系统进化关系,有助于探讨其寄生机制。采用PCR技术扩增了家蚕追寄蝇的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)片段,序列分析结果表明:克隆的mtDNA片段大小约1.5 kb,包括完整细胞色素b基因(cyto b)及其侧翼tRNA-Leu基因序列,序列结构与其它21个昆虫物种的同源片段序列结构基本一致,说明线粒体DNA基因排列和基因结构的保守性;家蚕追寄蝇mtDNA的Cyto b蛋白和tRNA-Leu基因的二级结构符合功能大分子的空间结构特征,维持一定的保守进化;双翅目昆虫不同蝇类mtDNA中的cyto b基因、tRNA-Leu基因序列的同源性高,可保证构建蝇类系统发生树的准确性。基于包括家蚕追寄蝇在内的12个双翅目昆虫、5个鳞翅目昆虫、4个鞘翅目昆虫、1个直翅目昆虫的mtDNA cyto b基因编码氨基酸序列的进化分析表明:双翅目中蝇类的进化次序依次为狂蝇科、果蝇科、寄蝇科、蝇科、丽蝇科,寄蝇科与蝇科和果蝇科之间的进化距离较近;鳞翅目处于种系发生树分叉的起点,起源最早,双翅目处于种系发生树分叉的最末端,起源最晚。     

Intralesional bovine papillomavirus DNA loads reflect severity of equine sarcoid disease

Reasons for performing study: Sarcoids are nonmetastasising, yet locally aggressive skin tumours that constitute the most frequent neoplasm in equids. Infection by bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1, BPV‐2) has been recognised as major causative factor in sarcoid pathogenesis, but a possible correlation of intralesional virus load with disease severity has not been established thus far. Hypothesis: Given the pathogenic role of BPV‐1 and BPV‐2 in sarcoid disease, we suggest that intralesional viral DNA concentration may reflect the degree of affection. Methods: Severity of disease was addressed by recording the tumour growth kinetics, lesion number and tumour type for 37 sarcoid‐bearing horses and one donkey. Viral load was estimated via quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) of the E2, E5, L1 and L2 genes from the BPV‐1/‐2 genome for one randomly selected lesion per horse and correlated with disease severity. Results: Quantitative PCR against E2 identified viral DNA concentrations ranging from 0–556 copies/tumour cell. Of 16 horses affected by quiescent, slowly growing single tumours or multiple mild‐type lesions, 15 showed a viral load up to 1.4 copies per cell. In stark contrast, all equids (22/22) bearing rapidly growing and/or multiple aggressive sarcoids had a viral load between 3 and 569 copies per cell. Consistent results were obtained with qPCR against E5, L1 and L2. Conclusions: While tumours of the same clinical type carried variable virus load, confirming that viral titre does not determine clinical appearance, we identified a highly significant correlation between intralesional viral load and disease severity. Potential relevance: The rapid determination of BPV viral load will give a reliable marker for disease severity and may also be considered when establishing a therapeutic strategy.     

DNA vaccine encoding avian influenza virus H5 and Esat-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis improved antibody responses against AIV in chickens

The H5 gene of avian influenza virus (AIV) strain A/chicken/Malaysia/5744/2004(H5N1) was cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector, and Esat-6 gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was fused into downstream of the H5 gene as a genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccine candidates. The antibody level against AIV was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Sera obtained from specific-pathogen-free chickens immunized with pcDNA3.1/H5 and pcDNA3.1/H5/Esat-6 demonstrated antibody responses as early as 2 weeks after the first immunization. Furthermore, the overall HI antibody titer in chickens immunized with pcDNA3.1/H5/Esat-6 was higher compared to the chickens immunized with pcDNA3.1/H5 (p < 0.05). The results suggested that Esat-6 gene of M. tuberculosis is a potential genetic adjuvant for the development of effective H5 DNA vaccine in chickens.     

橡实象虫及其近缘种基于线粒体DNA COⅡ基因的分子系统学研究

橡实象虫(Curculio arakawai)是危害柞树果实(橡实)和嫩芽的主要害虫。基于探索害虫的系统发育和遗传进化机制的目的,以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)编码的细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ(cytochrome oxidaseⅡ,COⅡ)基因作为分子标记,对橡实象虫及10个近缘种昆虫进行分子系统学研究。序列分析表明:橡实象虫及10个近缘种的mtDNA COⅡ基因序列全长687bp(不同橡实象虫样本获得的目的基因在GenBank的登录号包括GU945544、GU945545、GU945546),共编码228个氨基酸;mtDNA COⅡ基因表现出明显的A+T含量偏向性,密码子不同位点碱基的使用也存在明显的A+T含量偏向性,mtD-NA COⅡ基因的碱基颠换数总体上高于转换数,颠换主要发生在A←→T间,转换主要发生在T←→C间。遗传变异分析表明,橡实象虫及10个近缘种的核苷酸多态性位点百分率为39.7%,氨基酸突变率为30.3%。分别采用UPGMA法、NJ法和MP法构建橡实象虫及10个近缘种间的COⅡ基因系统进化树,各物种间的拓扑关系虽然稍有差异,但系统进化关系却完全一致,即物种间分别以所在的属聚在一起,形成Curculio、Ceutorhynchus和Peritelus3个属群,其中Curculio属和Ceutorhynchus属的系统进化关系较近,二者聚在一起形成一大支,而Peritelus属单独形成一支。