自主计划法提高中职生英语学习内动机的实验研究

自主计划法指的是学习者按自己的起点和基础制定详细且有可能达到的目标，通过将大目标分解为一个个小目标，在长期的小目标实现过程中来获得的成功体验，从而促进学习者的自主性和增强学生学习动机。文中通过实验支持了该方法能提高中职学生英语学习内动机的假设，从而为中职英语教学提供一定的借鉴意义。     

国内文献传递发展不平衡性与改进途径研究

针对国内主要文献传递系统CALLS,CSDL,NSTL近几年的运行状况,结合已有的文献传递工作经验,分析文献传递发展过程中存在的制度管理、基础设施、服务方式等不平衡性因素.探讨各因素之间的因果关系与改进途径,为我国文献传递,资源共享的健康发展提供理论与技术支撑.     

基于产品生命周期的汽车项目投资阶段识别模型

针对汽车产品投资的特殊不确定性和其投资数额大、分阶段投入的状况,应用产品生命周期理论判定汽车产品项目的投资阶段,进而获得准确的阶段投资决策点,据此构建了基于汽车产品生命周期的汽车产品投资阶段判定和汽车企业投资决策点识别模型,并就影响识别的因素、阶段、模型进行数学表述,就汽车产品投资决策点抉择问题提出了解决的思路和方法.     

Formalizing agro-ecological engineering for future-oriented land use studies

Agriculture faces an array of interrelated problems that call for development of new and revision of existing cropping systems towards the multiple needs of the 21st century. Agro-ecological engineering approaches aimed at design and exploration of alternative land use systems at various scales may support the identification of appropriate land use options. Engineering approaches are based on mathematical representations of well-founded agro-ecological principles while taking into account available resources and prevailing land-related objectives. The goal of this paper is to contribute to the development of a formalized approach to engineer cropping systems at the land unit level that can be used as building blocks for systematic explorations of land use options at farm or regional scale. The approach for engineering cropping systems at the land unit level consists of three steps: (i) goal-driven design of cropping systems, (ii) quantification of biophysical production targets and (iii) definition of the optimal mix of inputs required to realize production targets. This paper describes the approach and illustrates it with examples from the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Mali. Explicit attention is paid to the required numerical tools and their application to analyze consequences of uncertainty in the performance of engineered cropping systems. Using numerical tools, uncertainty is made explicit with the aim to better manage or reduce it. Identification of uncertainty at the designer's desk allows taking uncertainty into account before applying engineered land use systems in regional model studies or testing such systems in practice. Problems related to the application of numerical tools are discussed, including the future role of agro-ecological engineering as independent discipline within agricultural science.     

Identification of a diverse mini‐core panel of Indian rice germplasm based on genotyping using microsatellite markers

Identification of a small core germplasm set representing the available genetic diversity is essential for its proper evaluation and subsequent utilization in rice improvement programmes. For constituting a small diverse mini‐core panel of Indian rice germplasm, a representative set of 6912 accessions drawn based on their geographic origin from the whole rice germplasm collection available in the National Gene Bank was genotyped using 36 microsatellite markers. Automated fragment analysis of amplicons yielded a total of 435 alleles, with an average 12.4 and range of 3–29 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.08 (RGNMS190) to 0.86 (RM552) with an average of 0.528. Based on genotyping data, a mini‐core consisting of 98 genotypes was identified. Ninety‐four per cent of the alleles present in the core set were present in the mini‐core. The identified small but diverse panel will be useful for further intensive trait‐specific evaluation and utilization in allele mining.     

气候变化对北京地区小麦玉米两熟种植制度的影响

研究了北京地区小麦和玉米生产与气象条件的关系，并根据未来气候变化 的研究设计了气候情景，在此基础上讨论了未来气候化对小麦玉米一年二熟种植制度的影响。结果表明，温度升高对小麦和玉米生产有利，玉米产量的提高大于小麦；降水减少首先对小麦生产不利，当降水进一步减少时，对玉米生产也不利。     

Relationships between soil penetration resistance and soif nematode burden in barley on Prince Edward Island

Fifty sloping fields of barley with different short-term cropping histories across Prince Edward Island were examined for variations in root-zone depth and the severity of soil parasitic nematodes as part of a wider study of relationships between cropping sequence, topographic position, soil physical conditions and crop performance. Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) density in the roots was significantly greater (13%) at foot slopes than at top slopes, and stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) was significantly greater (8%) at top slopes where the soil was drier. The density of stunt nematodes and root lesion nematodes in the soil was significantly greater (>15%) under miscellaneous cereals-barley sequences than under potato-barley or hay-barley, attributable to level of carryover. Root lesion nematode density in the roots was significantly greater (12%) under hay-barley than either of the other two sequences. This nematode also showed a strong tendency to increase in number with increasing root-zone depth, and may be explained on the basis that increased root-zone depth provides increased host root mass (substrate). Stunt nematodes, on the other hand, increased with decreasing root-zone depth and may be explained by the known propensity of these organisms for drier, shallower soil conditions.     

基于灰色系统理论的收益还原法在农用地估价中的应用

收益还原法是农用地估价中的常用方法，但是目前利用此法评估农用地地价时，采用实际纯收益代替预期纯收益而导致评估的地价不合理。该文系统地论证了利用灰色系统建模来预测农用地预期纯收益的可行性，并分析了整个建模过程。最后将模型应用到湖北省武穴市农用地估价中。结果表明，应用此模型预测的后验差比值为0.21，小误差频率为1，精度达到一级。利用预测得到的预期纯收益来评估农用地地价与传统方法相比更趋合理，具有实际的应用价值。     

N2O emissions from different cropping systems and from aerated,nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of a municipal waste water treatment plant

Nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate, water-soluble carbon and biological O₂ demand (BOD₅) were quantified in different cropping systems fertilized with varying amounts of nitrogen (clayey loam, October 1991 to May 1992), in an aerated tank (March 1993 to March 1994), and in the nitrification-denitrification unit (March to July 1994) of a municipal waste water treatment plant. In addition, the N₂O present in the soil body at different depths was determined (February to July 1994). N₂O was emitted by all cropping systems (mean releases 0.13–0.35 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1), and all the units of the domestic waste water treatment plant (aerated tank 0–6.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1, nitrification tank 0–204,3 mg N₂O m^-2, h^-1, denitrifying unit 0–2.2 mg N₂O m^-2 h^-1). During the N₂O-sampling periods estimated amounts of 0.9, 1.5, 2.4 and 1.4 kg N₂O–N ha^-1, respectively, were released by the cropping systems. The aerated, nitrifying and denitrifying tanks of the municipal waste water treatment plant released mean amounts of 9.1, 71.6 and 1.8 g N₂O–N m^-2, respectively, during the sampling periods.The N₂O emission were significantly positively correlated with nitrate concentrations in the field plots which received no N fertilizer and with the nitrogen content of the aerated sludge tank that received almost exclusively N in the form of NH ₄ ⁺ . Available carbon, in contrast, was significantly negatively correlated with the N₂O emitted in the soil fertilized with 80 kg N ha^-1 year. The significant negative correlation between the emitted N₂O and the carbon to nitrate ratio indicates that the lower the carbon to nitrate ratio the higher the amount of N₂O released. Increasing N₂O emissions seem to occur at electron donorto-acceptor ratios (C_H2_O or BOD₅-to-nitrate ratios) below 50 in the cropping systems and below 1200–1400 in the waste water treatment plant. The trapped N₂O in the soil body down to a depth of 90 cm demonstrates that agricultural production systems seem to contain a considerable pool of N₂O which may be reduced to N₂ on its way to the atmosphere, which may be transported to other environments or which may be released at sometime in the future.Dedicated to Professor J.C.G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Comparison of depth- and mass-based approaches for estimating changes in forest soil carbon stocks: A case study in young plantations and secondary forests in West Java, Indonesia

Soil carbon (C) stocks in forest ecosystems have been widely estimated to a fixed soil depth (i.e., 0-30 cm) to clarify temporal changes in the C pool. However, surface elevations change as a result of compaction or expansion of the soil under forest management and land use. On the other hand, the calculation of soil C stocks based on “equivalent soil mass” is not affected by compaction or expansion of forest soil. To contribute to the development of a forest C accounting methodology, we compared changes in soil C stocks over 4 years between depth- and mass-based approaches using original soil data collected at 0-30 cm depths in young plantations and secondary forests in West Java, Indonesia. Our methodology expanded on the mass-based approach; rather than using one representative value for the mass-based calculation of soil C stocks, we adjusted individual values, maintaining the coefficient of variance in soil mass. We also considered the effect of an increase or decrease in soil organic matter on equivalent soil mass. Both increasing and decreasing trends in soil C stocks became clearer when the mass-based approach was used rather than the depth-based approach. The trends in soil C stocks based on equivalent soil mass were particularly evident in the surface soil layers (0-5 cm) and in plantation sites, compared with those for soil profiles including subsurface soil layers (0-30 cm) and in secondary forests. These trends in soil C stocks corresponded with temporal trends in litter stocks. We suggest that equivalent mass-basis soil C stock for the upper 30 cm of soil be calculated based on multiple soil layers to reduce estimation errors. Changes in soil organic matter mass had little effect on the estimation of soil C stock on an equivalent mass basis. For the development of a forest C accounting system, the mass-based approach should be used to characterize temporal trends in soil C stocks and to improve C cycle models, rather than simpler methods of calculating soil C stocks. These improvements will help to increase the tier level of country-specific forest C accounting systems.