麦/玉两熟区农作模式分析及轮耕模式探讨

从20世纪90年代初期起,以少/免耕为主体的耕作模式在麦/玉两熟区得到大面积推广应用。经过近15年的耕作栽培,少/免耕充分显示了它省时省工、高效环保的作用,但是与此同时一系列弊端也日益显露。对宁晋县百户农民耕作意愿调查的结果显示,在长期少/免耕后小麦产量和经济效益有所下降,而应在免耕3～5年以后对土壤进行深耕翻。对比麦/玉种植模式与马铃薯/棉花套作的经济效益,以轮作实现轮耕是麦/玉两熟区耕作模式发展方向。     

不同有机碳水平下塿土磷的有效性及无机磷形态转化

【目的】在土壤Olsen-P和全磷含量基本接近但土壤有机碳水平呈梯度的陕西省关中平原塿土上,研究有机碳对土壤各形态无机磷有效性及其形态转化的影响,为合理培肥土壤,有效利用土壤累积态磷提供理论依据。【方法】采集并选取了陕西省关中平原小麦-玉米种植体系下塿土Olsen-P含量相近（平均含量范围17.41—18.72 mg·kg^-1）,不同有机碳水平（有机碳平均含量分别为6.38、8.34、10.17、11.95、13.64和15.74 g·kg^-1）的土壤样品,采用蒋柏藩-顾益初改进的Chang和Jackson的石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法分别对土壤中各磷组分（二钙磷（Ca₂-P）、八钙磷（Ca₈-P）、铝结合态磷（Al-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（O-P）和十钙磷（Ca₁₀-P））含量进行测定。【结果】在陕西关中平原小麦-玉米种植区塿土中,有机碳对土壤各形态磷素水平及形态转化起重要作用。随着有机碳含量的增加,土壤中Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P、O-P、缓效磷库（Ca₈-P、Al-P和Fe-P）和难利用磷库（O-P和Ca₁₀-P）含量均显著增加（P≤0.05）,Ca₁₀-P相对稳定。有机碳含量与土壤活性磷库（Ca₂-P）、缓效磷库（主要为Al-P）的相对含量（占无机磷总量的比例）呈极显著正相关关系,与难利用磷库（主要是Ca₁₀-P）呈极显著负相关关系。土壤Olsen-P含量与难利用磷库含量呈显著正相关关系。【结论】在Olsen-P相近,全磷也基本相似的条件下,土壤有机碳促进了土壤中难溶态磷酸盐向缓效态磷库和活性态磷库的转化,提高了有效磷源占无机磷总量的比例,从而提高了土壤磷素有效性。研究结果表明可通过合理的措施培肥土壤,从而有效地促进土壤累积态磷的活化利用。     

秸秆类型对强还原土壤细菌群落及多样性的影响

为对比不同类型秸秆对强还原处理土壤（RSD）理化指标和微生物变化特征的影响,本研究设置了晾干的玉米秸秆（CS）,晾干的芒草秸秆（MS）,晾干的玉米和芒草秸秆混合（CMD）,新鲜的玉米和芒草秸秆混合（CMW）4个处理,并以化学熏蒸和仅淹水处理作为对照,以评估不同强还原物料处理土壤培养过程中理化性质和细菌群落的动态变化。结果表明：在培养期间不同RSD处理增加了土壤有机质和活性有机碳含量,土壤pH呈先升高后降低的趋势,且土壤硝态氮的累积降幅达到83%~98%。与单一秸秆相比,混合晾干秸秆RSD处理显著提高了细菌群落多样性,其中Shannon指数的增幅为49%,而混合新鲜秸秆处理对细菌群落多样性的影响呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。在培养期间,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是总细菌群落的优势菌门,其相对丰度在CMW组先降低后升高,而在CMD组降低了51%。在细菌属水平上,CMD组伯克氏菌目中未分类的属（UC-Burkholderiales）、丛毛单胞菌科中未分类的属（UC-Comamonadaceae）、厌氧黏细菌属（Anaeromyxobacter）和假单胞菌属（Pseudobacteroides）相对丰度于培养结束时期显著高于其他处理。Mantel检验表明具有特征性的细菌类群（如Anaeromyxobacter和Pseudobacteroides）与土壤pH、有效磷含量呈正相关,且Anaeromyxobacter与硝态氮含量呈显著正相关关系。研究表明,不同强还原物料组成及晾干程度均对土培过程中细菌群落组成及其多样性产生显著影响。     

双季超级稻强源活库优米栽培技术的示范推广

结合兴宁市双季超级稻生产的实践,对其强源活库优米栽培技术进行简单的总结,包括结合双季超级稻品种的特性适时与适密抛(插)秧、节水灌溉、使用超级稻专用肥、病虫害防治等,并分析了该技术示范推广后的效果。     

烤烟连作障碍调控措施研究进展

烤烟连作障碍问题已经引起了多方关注,在众多研究成果的基础上,分析引起烤烟连作障碍的机理,主要在于土壤微生物种群、土壤营养成分、土壤酶活性和自毒作用,从合理的种植模式、科学合理的施肥方式等角度对烤烟连作障碍的作用进行了探讨,旨在为需要烤烟连作的地区提供参考。     

连作年限对红壤旱地芝麻产量和主要病害的影响

为了探讨连作年限对红壤旱地芝麻产量和主要病害的发生规律的影响,采用定位试验,研究了正茬、连作1 a、2 a、3 a对芝麻相关性状的影响。结果表明,连作1 a、2 a、3 a与正茬比较芝麻产量分别降低14.0%、45.6%、64.4%,单株蒴果数分别减少25.4%、17.5%、55.9%,千粒重分别减少20.5%、8.5%、22.2%。连作1 a与连作3 a的每蒴粒数较正茬分别减少2.0%和14.5%。红壤旱地上芝麻连作会使茎点枯病和青枯病的病情指数呈现上升趋势,其中茎点枯病从正茬的6.80%增加到连作3 a的51.63%,而青枯病从正茬的2.54%增加到连作3 a的44.75%。这说明芝麻连作对产量、产量构成因素、主要病害病情指数的影响大,为了提高芝麻产量应实行轮作换茬。     

连作年限对红壤旱地芝麻产量和主要病害的影响

为了探讨连作年限对红壤旱地芝麻产量和主要病害的发生规律的影响,采用定位试验,研究了正茬、连作1 a、2 a、3 a对芝麻相关性状的影响。结果表明,连作1 a、2 a、3 a与正茬比较芝麻产量分别降低14.0%、45.6%、64.4%,单株蒴果数分别减少25.4%、17.5%、55.9%,千粒重分别减少20.5%、8.5%、22.2%。连作1 a与连作3 a的每蒴粒数较正茬分别减少2.0%和14.5%。红壤旱地上芝麻连作会使茎点枯病和青枯病的病情指数呈现上升趋势,其中茎点枯病从正茬的6.80%增加到连作3 a的51.63%,而青枯病从正茬的2.54%增加到连作3 a的44.75%。这说明芝麻连作对产量、产量构成因素、主要病害病情指数的影响大,为了提高芝麻产量应实行轮作换茬。     

The hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HISTAR) for microalgal production

A hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HISTAR) for the mass production of microalgae was designed, constructed and preliminarily evaluated. The 9266-l experimental system consists of two enclosed turbidostats hydraulically linked to a series of six open continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactors (CFSTRs). The system was monitored and controlled using GENESIS process control software. A production study was preformed using Isochrysis sp. (C-iso) to assess system stability and production potential under commercial-like conditions. The study was performed at the following target system parameters: system dilution rate of 0.49 per day, pH 7.6, NITROGEN=10 mg l⁻¹, PHOSPHORUS=2 mg l⁻¹, and artificial illumination (photosynthetic photon flux density) from 1000 W metal halide LAMPS=800 μmol s⁻¹ m⁻². At steady state conditions, daily harvested algal paste was 1454 g (wet), mean areal system PRODUCTIVITY=47.8±3.04 g m⁻² per day (17.1±1.09 g C m⁻² per day) and mean CFSTR6 DENSITY=105.5±6.71 mg l⁻¹.     

Outdoor phytoplankton continuous culture in a marine fish–phytoplankton–bivalve integrated system: combined effects of dilution rate and ambient conditions on growth rate, biomass and nutrient cycling

Natural phytoplankton populations were cultured in outdoor continuous cultures using fish-farm effluents as the source of nutrients. The dilution rate was assumed to be the integrating factor of phytoplankton growth and biomass development (flux and stock). In this context, the combined effects of (i) dilution rates of the outdoor culture and (ii) ambient conditions were tested on phytoplankton growth, biomass and cycling of the major nutrient elements (C, N and P). Experiments were carried out in outdoor polyester tanks (0.7 m deep), homogenised by gentle aeration. Si/P ratio was balanced at around 5 in the inflow in order to induce diatom domination while maintaining high N and P assimilation by phytoplankton. Nutrient cycling was assessed through analyses of the different forms of particulate and dissolved nutrients in the inflow and the outflow. Culture dilution rates determined the longevity of the culture and the assimilation efficiency of nutrients. Dissolved phosphorus was the most limiting nutrient. The optimal dilution rate was approximately 0.5 day⁻¹ at 10 °C and 1.5 day⁻¹ at 20 °C with a mean diatom biomass of 9 μM P. Under these conditions, 80% of the dissolved nutrients provided to the tanks were transformed, a production of 8 g C m⁻² day⁻¹ and an assimilation rate of 0.3 g P m⁻² day⁻¹ were recorded. Assimilation by diatoms was the major pathway of nutrient cycling. During the experiment, a bottom sediment developed progressively and this also played an important role in denitrifying the excess dissolved nitrogen in the fish-farm effluent. However, the results showed that diatom biomass can collapse and we hypothesize that this was the consequence of an increase in cellular sinking rates due to cell aggregation under nutrient or light stress. Modelling approaches are needed in future research in order to determine optimal dilution rates taking into account phytoplankton growth rates, nutrient inputs and ambient conditions (e.g. light and temperature).     

冷浸田双季稻品种和栽培方式比较研究

为了筛选适宜于冷浸田栽培的双季稻品种和高产栽培方式,2009年早晚两季在湖南宁乡县、永兴县和桃源县进行了大田栽培试验,结果表明:(1)双季稻产量及其构成因子品种间差异显著,3地点平均产量早稻以陆两优996最高(5.68 t/hm2),晚稻以天优华占最高(5.61 t/hm2);(2)双季稻不同栽培方式间产量差异显著,3地点平均产量均以垄厢栽培最高,早稻和晚稻分别为5.52 t/hm2和5.81 t/hm2;以传统栽培方式最低,平均产量分别为4.75 t/hm2和5.25 t/hm2。由此可见,选用适宜于冷浸田的双季稻品种,采用垄厢栽培方式有利于获得高产。