杉木、马尾松轮作对林地土壤肥力和林木生长的影响

研究了杉木、马尾松人工林轮作对林地土壤肥力和林木生长的影响。结果表明：与连作相比，轮作林分土壤微生物数量增多，酶活性增强、土壤酚类物质减少、土壤酸度降低，盐基总量和盐基饱和度提高以及土壤有效养分增加，并由此导致了林分生长量的提高。轮作林分土壤肥力提高，林分生长量增加的实质在于：人工林林分实施轮作后，由于后茬植物与前茬植物种类的不同导致土壤微生物种类和数量增多，土壤生物活性增强，并由此而导致土壤酸度降低，有毒物质减少，速效养分增加。     

A study of the potential of hedgerow intercropping in semi-arid India using a two-way systematic design

The potential of hedgerow intecrropping with Leucaena leucocephala was explored on vertic Inceptisols over 4 years at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India. The study was conducted using a systematic layout involving different alley widths ranging from 1.35 to 4.95 m and with varying distances between hedge and crops. The alleys were cropped with alternate rows of sorghum and pigeonpea. Hedges composed double Leucaena hedgerows 60 cm apart were periodically harvested for fodder. Sole crops of all components and a sorghum/pigeonpea intercrop were included in all four replications of the study.Starting in the second year, Leucaena was progressively more competitive to annual crops, causing substantial yield reduction. Competition (primarily for moisture) was most severe in narrow alleys and was greatest on pigeonpea.The growth of Leucaena was not sufficient to compensate for reduced crop yields. Land equivalent ratios (LERs) calculated on the basis of grain yield of crops and Leucaena fodder yields showed that hedgerow intercropping (HI) was advantageous over sole crops only during the first two years using wide alleys, but disadvantegeous in the last two years. LERs calculated on the basis of total dry matter indicated only a small advantage for HI (13–17 percent) over sole crops in wider (>4 m) alleys. Average returns per year from HI exceeded those of the most productive annual crop system (sorghum/pigeonpea intercropping) by 8 percent in 4.05 m alleys, and by 16 percent in 4.95 m alleys. Fodder production during the dry season was 40 percent of the annual total in these alley widths. Thus hedgerow intercropping at 4–5 m alley width is not very attractive for farmers in semi-arid India, which has 600–700 mm of annual rainfall. There is a need to examine the potential of HI in wider alleys. The merits and limitations of the systematic design are discussed.     

Assessing raindrop impact energy at the forest floor in a mature Japanese cypress plantation using continuous raindrop-sizing instruments

The raindrop size distribution of throughfall and open rainfall was monitored continuously during a rainfall event using laser raindrop-sizing instruments (LD gauges), in order to calculate the raindrop impact energy in a plantation of mature Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa), where surface erosion at the forest floor had been a problem. Data from two rainfall events were analyzed. The LD gauges recorded qualitative raindrop size distribution, and the capture rate during each rainfall event was used to manipulate raindrop data quantitatively. Throughfall and open rainfall comparisons revealed several important differences. First, throughfall raindrops were fewer in number and larger in size than open rainfall drops. In one rainfall event, for example, throughfall raindrops were less than one-fifth as frequent as open rainfall raindrops; in addition, the maximum throughfall raindrop diameter was 6.35mm compared to 3.31mm for open rainfall raindrops. Second, throughfall raindrops that were larger than the largest open rainfall raindrops comprised 63.8% of the throughfall precipitation by volume. Third, total raindrop impact energy from throughfall was over twice that of open rainfall. Moreover, comparison of throughfall events implied that throughfall raindrops did not always have a uniform distribution between different events or among different periods of time in one rainfall event, in contrast to findings in previous studies which showed that throughfall raindrops had a uniform size distribution independent of rainfall intensity. It is possible that an abrupt transition of throughfall intensity from low to high changes the distribution of throughfall raindrops.     

连续平压热压机的进展

论述了发展连续平压热压机的背景、必要性以及国外同类技术的详细情况,同时介绍了我国目前研究连续平压热压机的现状和迫切性。     

The use of vegetable phytometers in the evaluation of the potential response of understorey crops to the aerial environment in an interculture system

Carrots, onions, radishes and peas, growing in pots were placed at various locations in a pear orchard and used as phytometers to characterise the aerial environment. The growth of plants growing beneath the orchard canopy was not significantly less than that of phytometers grown in the open. However, the bulb diameter of radish and onion was significantly reduced when growing immediately beneath pear trees. Radish was selected as a suitable phytometer for further research.     

Effect of pruning intensities of three woody leguminous species grown in alley cropping with maize and cowpea on an alfisol

Field trials were carried out on an Oxic Paleustalf in the humid zone of southwestern Nigeria withLeucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit,Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. andSesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. alley cropped with maize and cowpea. The three leguminous woody species were grown in hedgerows spaced at 2 m. Trials were carried out one year after establishment of the hedgerows using a split-plot design with four replications. TheLeucaena trial had twenty pruning combinations consisting of five pruning heights (25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 cm) and four pruning frequencies (monthly, bi-, tri- and six-monthly). TheGliricidia andSesbania hedgerows were subjected to nine pruning intensities consisting of three pruning heights (25, 50 and 100 cm) and three pruning intensities (monthly, tri- and six-monthly).For the three woody species, biomass, dry wood and nitrogen yield from the hedgerow prunings increased with decreasing pruning frequency and increasing pruning height. Biomass, dry wood and nitrogen yields were in the following orderLeucaena >Gliricidia >Sesbania.The various pruning intensities had no effect on survival ofLeucaena plants. Pruning frequency had a larger effect than pruning height on survival ofGliricidia andSesbania plants. With monthly pruning, about 25 percent of theGliricidia and all of theSesbania plants died within six months of repeated pruning. Even with lower pruning frequencySesbania plants showed lower survival rates thanGliricidia orLeucaena.The various pruning intensities of all the hedgerow species had more pronounced effects on the grain yield of the alley cropped cowpea than on maize grain yield. Higher maize and cowpea yields were obtained with increasing pruning frequency and decreasing pruning height.IITA Journal paper number 335     

2.5cm栎木地板毛坯的快速干燥新方法

采用干球温度不变、湿球温度连续下降的干燥新工艺对２．５ｃｍ 栎木地板毛坯用炉气间接加热木材干燥窑进行快速窑干试验，结果表明干燥周期较常规窑干燥缩短了４０％，锯材干燥质量良好，干燥基准操作方便。     

Acacia cyanophylla for forage and fuelwood in North Africa

Forage and wood yield of Acacia cyanophylla, also known as Acacia saligna, was studied in a 300–400 mm precipitation zone in Tunisia. Yields were measured during and after drought. This short (2–8 m) evergreen leguminous tree is used as a forage drought reserve in frost free regions where mean annual precipitation exceeds 250 mm. The standing crop of leafy forage builds up year after year for at least four years or until the tree is cut. It rapidly regrows after cutting from coppice shoots. The leaves provide high protein forage for sheep and goats during the long dry summer season typical of the Mediterranean climate as well as emergency forage during drought. The tree is used to stabilize moving sand dunes, and as a windbreak to protect cropland. It also provides fuelwood and increasaes soil nitrogen by fixation. The need for supplemental irrigation during establishment is a major constraint. Research in the 350 mm precipitation zone of Tunisia found 3.2 year old trees to yield over 1400 kg of forage standing crop per hectare after a severe drought. Trees harvested at 2.5 years of age in May, during the worst drought in over 30 years, yielded a standing forage crop of 724 kg per hectare. Forage regrowth 8 months after cutting and 4 months after rains returned was 700 kg/ha. The forage standing crop for trees harvested only once during the 3.2 year period was double the amount of forage regrowth from trees harvested the previous year, but mean annual forage yield similar. This demonstrates that it is possible for forage to be conserved as a living forage reserve for later use during drought. Total wood yield was only 1621 kg/ha for trees cut twice compared to 3683 kg/ha for trees cut only once. Annual cutting will substantially reduce the amount of forage available during drought and reduce the production of fuelwood. It may also reduce the vigor, productivity and life of the tree. Acacia cyanophylla alley cropped on cereal farmland can protect the soil from erosion, protect the associated crop from wind damage, fix nitrogen, provide fuelwood and provide a reserve of high quality forage for use during drought. This work was supported by the Government of Tunisia and the U.S.A.I.D. Tunisia Range Development and Management Project (664-0312.8).     

秸秆类型对强还原土壤细菌群落及多样性的影响

为对比不同类型秸秆对强还原处理土壤（RSD）理化指标和微生物变化特征的影响,本研究设置了晾干的玉米秸秆（CS）,晾干的芒草秸秆（MS）,晾干的玉米和芒草秸秆混合（CMD）,新鲜的玉米和芒草秸秆混合（CMW）4个处理,并以化学熏蒸和仅淹水处理作为对照,以评估不同强还原物料处理土壤培养过程中理化性质和细菌群落的动态变化。结果表明：在培养期间不同RSD处理增加了土壤有机质和活性有机碳含量,土壤pH呈先升高后降低的趋势,且土壤硝态氮的累积降幅达到83%~98%。与单一秸秆相比,混合晾干秸秆RSD处理显著提高了细菌群落多样性,其中Shannon指数的增幅为49%,而混合新鲜秸秆处理对细菌群落多样性的影响呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。在培养期间,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是总细菌群落的优势菌门,其相对丰度在CMW组先降低后升高,而在CMD组降低了51%。在细菌属水平上,CMD组伯克氏菌目中未分类的属（UC-Burkholderiales）、丛毛单胞菌科中未分类的属（UC-Comamonadaceae）、厌氧黏细菌属（Anaeromyxobacter）和假单胞菌属（Pseudobacteroides）相对丰度于培养结束时期显著高于其他处理。Mantel检验表明具有特征性的细菌类群（如Anaeromyxobacter和Pseudobacteroides）与土壤pH、有效磷含量呈正相关,且Anaeromyxobacter与硝态氮含量呈显著正相关关系。研究表明,不同强还原物料组成及晾干程度均对土培过程中细菌群落组成及其多样性产生显著影响。     

The hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HISTAR) for microalgal production

A hydraulically integrated serial turbidostat algal reactor (HISTAR) for the mass production of microalgae was designed, constructed and preliminarily evaluated. The 9266-l experimental system consists of two enclosed turbidostats hydraulically linked to a series of six open continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactors (CFSTRs). The system was monitored and controlled using GENESIS process control software. A production study was preformed using Isochrysis sp. (C-iso) to assess system stability and production potential under commercial-like conditions. The study was performed at the following target system parameters: system dilution rate of 0.49 per day, pH 7.6, NITROGEN=10 mg l⁻¹, PHOSPHORUS=2 mg l⁻¹, and artificial illumination (photosynthetic photon flux density) from 1000 W metal halide LAMPS=800 μmol s⁻¹ m⁻². At steady state conditions, daily harvested algal paste was 1454 g (wet), mean areal system PRODUCTIVITY=47.8±3.04 g m⁻² per day (17.1±1.09 g C m⁻² per day) and mean CFSTR6 DENSITY=105.5±6.71 mg l⁻¹.