日粮组成对牛奶中乳成分合成与调控机制影响的研究

牛奶中乳蛋白和乳脂肪含量的高低直接关系到牛奶的品质和风味。牛奶中乳蛋白主要可以分为酪蛋白和乳清蛋白两种类型,其合成代谢过程均受到mTOR信号分子通路、JAK-STAT信号分子通路、GCN2-eIF2a信号分子通路的影响。牛奶中乳脂肪主要为三酰基甘油酯、磷脂等,对于牛奶的营养和风味均有重要影响,其受到脂肪酸相关酶ACACA、FAS、SCD1的调控。饲料营养是影响牛奶中乳蛋白和乳脂肪的关键因素之一,包括精粗饲料配比及饲料添加剂的应用等方面。本文对牛奶中乳蛋白和乳脂肪的合成调控机理,及日粮组成对其的影响机制进行阐述,为改善乳品质提供参考。     

纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌危害机理的研究

该文对纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌Leptographium yunnanense的危害机理作了初步研究，结果表明，L.yunnanense在与小伴随侵入后，产生致病毒素对寄主树林进行危害，从而辅助纵坑切梢小蠹成功定殖于寄主树木内，该毒素在低浓度条件下仍维持一定的致病力，进一步表明伴生菌在小蠹虫成功蛀害的过程中具有重要的作用。     

关于征占用林地经济补偿办法合理性的探讨

本文以征用占用林地为例,列举出补偿应包括的主要内容,林地补偿与区域区位、补偿基数、补偿倍数等几个关键因素之间的关系等,提出了增加林地补偿合理性的一些思路。     

大肠杆菌生物被膜与耐药性的关系

生物被膜的形成是大肠杆菌引起消化道反复难治性感染的重要因素。大肠杆菌形成生物被膜后使感染易于慢性化、控制困难,具有高度耐药性的同时还能逃避免疫系统的攻击和抗菌药物的杀伤作用。生物被膜的耐药机制主要包括营养限制、渗透障碍、表型结构学说等。现就大肠杆菌生物被膜的形成、耐药机制及其防治策略等研究现状做一综述。     

A study of spring-and autumn-spawned herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae in the Norwegian Coastal Current during spring 1990

An intensive sampling program for yolk-sac herring larvae and microzooplankton was carried out in the main spawning area of Norwegian spring-spawning herring during March to April 1990 (between 62^o and 63^o30'N) to estimate their hatching period and the abundance of copepod eggs and nauplii. Additional investigations were carried out in the Skagerrak area during January-March and on the Norwegian Shelf in May to study the otolith microstructure of the herring larvae. In May both autumn- and spring-spawned herring larvae were found in the samples from the Norwegian Shelf. They were easily distinguished by differences in otolith microstructure. The pattern in increment widths in the otoliths of the autumn-spawned larvae indicated that these larvae had not been transported through the Skagerrak area, but more likely were carried directly from the northern North Sea across the Norwegian Trench and into the Norwegian Coastal Current system. The calculated hatching of the spring-spawned larvae sampled in May occurred significantly later than the observed hatching over the spawning grounds. The results suggest a mismatch between the abundance of first-feeding herring larvae and their prey organisms, resulting in a higher survival of those herring larvae hatching during the latest part of the spawning period. This coincides with a general increase towards the middle of April in the abundance of prey organisms, from 1 to 4 1^_1. There were no differences in otolith microstructure among spring-spawned herring larvae sampled on the shelf in May, indicating that these larvae originated from the same cohort and were well mixed throughout the whole shelf area.     

Marine Low Molecular Weight Natural Products as Potential Cancer Preventive Compounds

Due to taxonomic positions and special living environments, marine organisms produce secondary metabolites that possess unique structures and biological activities. This review is devoted to recently isolated and/or earlier described marine compounds with potential or established cancer preventive activities, their biological sources, molecular mechanisms of their action, and their associations with human health and nutrition. The review covers literature published in 2003–2013 years and focuses on findings of the last 2 years.     

密度驱动条件下饱和介质盐分迁移规律

为探究一维饱和介质中考虑密度驱动条件下的盐分迁移规律,在室内开展了从土柱顶端释放NaCl盐溶液的密度驱动下盐分迁移试验,结果表明：浓度为100 g/L的盐溶液从顶部释放后仅720 min土柱底部浓度即达到最大值;土柱顶部释放的盐分浓度越高密度驱动效果越明显,迁移到土柱底部（深度70～100 cm）的盐分含量占比越高;释放盐分浓度为6、12、40、60、100、150 g/L时底部盐分含量占比分别为33.3%、36.7%、38.0%、40.0%、40.2%、47.1%。为对比密度驱动和浓度弥散作用下的盐分迁移规律差异,开展了从土柱底部释放高浓度盐溶液的反向弥散试验,结果表明：试验期内密度驱动对盐分迁移的影响效果远大于浓度弥散作用,试验进行30 d后弥散作用仅对土柱底部20 cm范围内的浓度分布产生影响;底部释放盐分浓度越高,向上的弥散通量越大,但对浓度的重分布影响不明显,浓度为6、40、60、100 g/L的NaCl溶液试验进行15 d后土柱底部20 cm范围内含盐量占比依次增大,分别为37.5%、62.4%、72.7%、82.7%。该研究量化分析了在密度驱动和弥散作用下盐分的迁移规律,可为干旱灌区盐分平衡规律的研究提供一定的理论依据。     

平原河网水中悬浮颗粒物对金鱼藻、水网藻的影响

研究了水体悬浮颗粒物对修复植物的影响规律,结果揭示了悬浮颗粒物对水生植物影响的两面性以及修复植物对颗粒物胁迫产生自由基进行清除的适应机制。在正常情况下,金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum dem ersumL)体超氧化物歧化酶活性维持在256~280 U/g(鲜重),过氧化物酶活性维持在80~90 U/g(鲜重)的水平,保证了细胞膜脂质氧化的分子标志物MDA的代谢水平低于65μmol/g(鲜重)。当金鱼藻受到大于300 mg/L颗粒物的高强度胁迫时,其体内这两种抗氧化酶活性不仅没有维持在很高的水平,反而均呈下降趋势,致使金鱼藻体内的MDA平均值可达79μmol/g(鲜重)以上,形成了对细胞膜相对损伤率达35%以上的氧化损伤结果。在高浊度水体中水网藻(Hydrodictyon reticulatum)内比金鱼藻具有更强的适应性,因此水网藻更合适作为先锋修复植物。     

Relevance of sexual polyploidization for crop improvement – A review

Colchicine induced polyploids have not directly contributed for crop improvement in the past. On the other hand, the so-called natural polyploids, derived from the functioning of numerically unreduced(2n) gametes have been shown to be more relevant for crop improvement in many cases. Different types of cytological abnormalities during meiosis can give rise to 2n gametes and the genetic composition of these gametes is variable. Depending on the type meiotic abnormalities, various types of 2ngametes, such as first division restitution(FDR), second division restitution (SDR),indeterminate meiotic restitution (IMR) and post meiotic restitution (PMR) gametes,among others, have been described in recent years. For the improvement of autopolyploids such as potato, alfalfa,Vaccinium spp., and some of the fodder grasses, FDR gametes have been proved to be highly useful. However, the use of 2n gametes for the improvement of allopolyploid crops has received much less attention so far. Some of the investigations on allopolyploids, derived from Festuca-Lolium, Alstroemeria and Lilium species hybrids, have revealed that 2ngametes can be most useful for the introgression of alien genes and chromosomes into cultivars. An important feature of using sexual polyploidization in the case of allopolyploids is that introgression can be achieved through recombination due to genetic crossing-over between alien chromosomes as well as addition of alien chromosomes, which is extremely difficult or impossible to achieve in the case of colchicine induced allopolyploids. Because of the recent developments in the field of plant molecular biology, methods have become available for the analysis of 2ngametes and sexual polyploid progenies more accurately and to develop systematic breeding approaches. The methods include DNA in situ hybridization (GISH and FISH)and molecular mapping (AFLP, RFLP, RAPDs).In addition to providing basic information on the genetic and genome composition of the polyploid progenies, these methods can be potentially useful for a more efficient creation of desirable breeding material and cultivars. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.