长期施用含硫与含氯肥料对水稻产量及其构成要素的影响

 【目的】研究长期施用含硫酸根、氯离子的肥料对南方红壤水稻产量及其构成要素的影响。【方法】统计分析长期施用含硫酸根、氯离子肥料的稻田耕层土壤中SO42-、Cl-含量变化及其与早、晚水稻产量的关系。【结果】长期施用含SO42-肥料,SO42--S含量在土壤中表现为前期上升,后期下降,其含量变化与早、晚稻总产量呈显著负相关。长期施用Cl-、Cl-+SO42-、SO42-肥料,3个处理早稻和晚稻历年平均产量分别为5 738.9、5 657.5、5 633.8 kg?hm-2和4 831.9、4 603.8、4 557.0 kg?hm-2,以施Cl-处理产量最高。施SO42-处理15年后水稻产量下降迅速,显著低于施Cl-处理,至2000年后又平缓上升,各处理之间无显著差异。施氯处理土壤SO42--S含量维持在26.50 mg?kg-1左右,未出现缺硫现象。【结论】在南方红壤丘陵区水田上长期施用含硫肥料易导致土壤SO42--S过量累积,对水稻生长存在一定风险,施用含氯肥料效果要好于含硫肥料。     

The relevance of N fertilization for the amount of total greenhouse gas emissions in sugar beet cultivation

The agricultural sector is highly affected by climate change and it is a source of greenhouse gases. Therefore it is in charge to reduce emissions. For a development of reduction strategies, origins of emissions have to be known. On the example of sugar beet, this study identifies the main sources and gives an overview of the variety of production systems. With data from farm surveys, calculations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in sugar beet cultivation in Germany are presented. Emissions due to the production and use of fertilizers and pesticides, emissions due to tillage as well as field emissions were taken into account. All emissions related to the growing of catch crops during fall before the cultivation of sugar beet were also included. The emissions are related to the yield to express intensity.The median of total GHG emissions of sugar beet cultivation in Germany for the years 2010–2012 amounted to 2626 equivalents of CO₂ (CO₂eq) kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ when applying mineral plus organic fertilizer and to 1782 kg ha⁻¹ when only organic fertilizer was applied. The CO₂eq emissions resulting from N fertilization exclusively were 2.5 times higher than those caused by diesel and further production factors. The absence of emissions for the production of organic fertilizers led to 12% less total CO₂eq emissions compared to the use of mineral fertilizer only. But by applying organic fertilizer only, there were more emissions via the use of diesel due to larger volumes transported (126 l diesel ha⁻¹ vs. 116 l ha⁻¹ by applying mineral fertilizer exclusively).As there exists no official agreement about calculating CO₂eq emissions in crop production yet, the authors conclude that there is still need for further research and development with the aim to improve crop cultivation and crop rotations concerning GHG emissions and the therewith related intensity.     

麦麸促进平菇生长的初步研究

在棉籽壳培养基中辅加１０％麦麸或０．４ｌ％尿素均能促进平菇苗丝生长和呼吸消耗，提高于实体生长阶段ＣＭＣ酶、ＨＣ酶活性和绝对生物学效率，而在棉籽壳培养基中辅加微量的维生素Ｂ＿１，对平菇生长无促进作用。这表明：氮素对平菇的生长有重要影响，棉籽壳培养基中的麦麸对平菇生长的促进作用与麦麸中的氮素有关，而与麦麸中的维生素Ｂ＿１无关。     

Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizers with and without gypsum

Abstract. Ammonia volatilization with and without gypsum incorporation was measured in Gujranwala soil (Udic Haplustalf) in an incubation study using different nitrogen fertilizers e.g. urea, ammonium sulphate (AS), calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), and urea nitrophos (UNP). Nitrogen from different fertilizers was applied at the rate of 200 mg N kg⁻¹ to two sets of soils in plastic bags (1.0 kg soil) and plastic jars (0.5 kg soil). Soil moisture was maintained at field capacity. Application of urea increased soil pH to 9, three hours after its addition. Ammonium sulphate and calcium ammonium nitrate had little effect on soil pH. Ammonium volatilization losses from fertilizers were related to the increase in soil pH caused by the fertilizers. Consequently maximum losses were recorded due to application of urea. Losses through ammonia volatilization were significantly lower with AS, CAN and UNP in descending order. Gypsum incorporation significantly reduced the losses. Therefore, application of gypsum to soil before urea may substantially improve N use efficiency for crop production by reducing N losses.     

The Influence of Fertilizer-based Seed Priming Treatments on Emergence and Seedling Growth of Sorghum bicolor and Pennisetum glaucum in Pot Trials under Greenhouse Conditions

The effect of priming sorghum and pearl millet seeds with fertilizers was investigated. Two experiments were conducted on M35–1 (sorghum) and ICMH 356 (pearl millet), and ICSV 745 (sorghum) and Barmer (pearl millet) seeds, respectively. Treatments included nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium-based treatments which showed that 7.5 g l⁻¹ of urea substantially enhanced the final germination percentage of seeds. The second experiment included 10 priming treatments with 7.5 g l⁻¹ urea mixed with other fertilizers. Results indicated that soaking seeds for 3 days in urea + one of several fertilizers including N, P or K-based nutrient compositions or micro elements significantly increased germination percentage and speed but did not affect seedling growth at 15 or 60 days after sowing. It is concluded that seed priming treatments with fertilizers may serve as an appropriate treatment for advancing germination of the species studied.     

Nitrate leaching and adsorption in a Kenyan Nitisol

Abstract. ¹⁵N labelled NH₄NO₃ (fertilizer N) was applied at a rate of 50 kg N ha^–1 to an Ando-Humic Nitisol and two maize crops grown on it. About 20 months later, soil cores were taken to a depth of 2.5 m. Leached fertilizer N was found between 1.4 m and 1.8 m deep and was delayed relative to net drainage by between 4.2 and 4.9 pore volumes. Anion exchange capacity (AEC) increased ten-fold down the profile, up to 2.9 cmol_ckg^–1. The delay to fertilizer N leaching was predicted to be between 4.1 and 5.3 pore volumes when calculated from the AEC and from an equation relating delay due to AEC in laboratory columns of repacked soil obtained by Wong et al. (1990b). It was concluded that the nitrate leaching delay equation was also valid in undisturbed field profiles. Two concentration maxima for mineral N were found, which did not usually coincide with the fertilizer N and were thought to result from mineralization of soil organic matter and plant residues at the end of each season. The delay equation overestimated their leaching delay but the results were considered close enough to support the hypothesis for their formation.     

The uptake of fenbendazole by cattle and buffalo following long-term low-level administration in urea-molasses blocks

Fenbendazole (Panacur bolus, Hoechst India Ltd) was incorporated at a rate of 0.5 g/kg into urea-molasses blocks made by two different processes. The concentration of the drug in blocks and its bioavailability were measured using plasma oxfendazole as marker. The recovery of the drug in blocks made by a warm process was 68% and the plasma oxfendazole concentration remained fairly stable at 0.2 and 0.12 µg/ml from day 6 of feeding in cattle and buffalo, respectively. The drug seemed to be inactivated in blocks made by a hot process, with reduced bioavailability. A low and sustained plasma concentration of the active metabolite of the drug could be maintained by self-medication using urea-molasses blocks as fenbendazole carrier.Abbreviations FBZ fenbendazole - HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - MUMB medicated urea-molasses blocks - OFZ oxfendazole - UMB urea-molasses block     

尿素及EDTA—Fe对高羊茅草坪草绿期的影响

在滨海盐碱地区，水分，盐分的胁迫，使草坪草体内矿质营养失衡，生长势减弱，在秋季即使轻微水分胁迫，都会使草坪草休眠提前，绿色期缩短，试验发现，秋冬季给高羊茅施用尿素或EDTA－Fe都可以改善其绿色度，增加叶片内叶绿素的含量，延迟草体进入休眠，并能加快春季返青的速度，但尿素和EDTA－Fe的交互效应在本试验中不显著。     

玉米青枯病的危害程度与密度、氮、磷关系的分析

本文采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计，研究了玉米青枯病的危害程度与播种密度（Ｘ１），施氮量（Ｘ２）和施磷量（Ｘ３）的关系，并组建了回归模型。结果表明，对玉米青枯病病指影响的首要因素是密度，其次是氮，对病指影响的交互效应是Ｘ１Ｘ２，Ｘ２Ｘ３。最后对模型进行模拟优化。     

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer rate, cultivation and straw disposal on the nitrate leaching from a shallow limestone soil cropped with winter barley

Abstract. Monoculture winter barley was grown for 5 years with 80 or 160 kg/ha of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and established by either shallow cultivation (straw removed) or ploughing (straw incorporated) in a replicated 2 ± 2 split plot experiment. The lower N rate reduced average grain yield from 6.85 t/ha to 5.61 t/ha. The cultivation/straw disposal system had no effect on yield. Halving the N rate reduced the amount of N removed in the crop by an average of 40 kg/ha and reduced the amount of nitrogen leached by 11 kg/ha per year. Using a shallow cultivation system for crop establishment, following the removal of straw, initially reduced N leaching compared to ploughing in the straw, but in the later years of the experiment losses were similar. Over the five years the full N rate with ploughing system resulted in a small positive nitrogen balance of 66 kg/ha, but all other treatment combinations resulted in a negative balance.