EFFECT OF WATER MANAGEMENT AND POLYOLEFIN-COATED UREA ON GROWTH AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF INDICA RICE

ABSTRACT

Poor water management and high nitrogen (N) losses are the key problems faced by rice farmers under rainfed inland valley systems. There is a need to evaluate different N fertilizers so as to identify one that could withstand these problems. The performance of polyolefin-coated urea (POCU) was therefore compared with conventional urea in a pot experiment with indica rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR36), using two water management systems: 1) Submerged condition referred to as good water management (GWM), and 2) excessive irrigation (over 4000 mm in 120 days) referred to as poor water management (PWM). The study was carried out during 1997 and 1998 cropping seasons under glasshouse conditions. For PWM in 1997, the pots were subjected to leaching only whereas in 1998, they were subjected to both surface runoff and leaching. For both cropping seasons, POCU-treated plants under PWM had a significantly higher grain yield (377.5 and 343.0 g m^?2) than urea-treated plants (316.5 and 260.5 g m^?2). In addition, POCU-treated plants had a significantly higher number of grains per panicle than urea-treated plants. In 1998, both the partial factor productivity of applied N and the agronomic nitrogen-use efficiency of POCU-treated plants under GWM and PWM were significantly higher than those of urea-treated plants. It can be inferred that (using sandy soils and under PWM), POCU could perform significantly better than conventional urea. This finding is important, considering the usually high nitrogen losses in rice-growing inland valley swamps.     

Nitrate leaching losses under Miscanthus grass planted on a silty clay loam soil

Abstract. Nitrate leaching under newly planted Miscanthus grass was measured for three years. The crop received either no fertilizer-N or an annual spring application of 60 kg or 120 kg N ha^-1. During three winters soil water was collected from porous cup probes installed 90 cm deep. Nitrate leaching was calculated from the mean drain flow recorded in two drain gauges multiplied by the mean nitrate-N concentration in the soil water solutions collected. In the first year soil water nitrate concentrations were high on all treatments and N losses were 154, 187 and 228 kg ha^-1 respectively on the unfertilized treatment and those that received 60 or 120 kg N ha^-1. Leaching losses in the second and third years were, in turn, 8, 24 and 87 kg ha^-1 and 3, 11 and 30 kg ha^-1 for the unfertilized treatment and for the 60 and 120 kg N ha^-1 treatments respectively. Leaching losses were closer to those recorded under extensively managed grassland than arable land. The large losses in the first year were probably due to the previous agricultural management at the site and excessive inputs of N on the fertilized plots. In the second and third year, lower drainage volumes may also have influenced losses. The results show that Miscanthus , once established, can lead to low levels of nitrate leaching and improved groundwater quality compared with growing arable crops.     

Dynamic model for the effects of K fertilizer on crop growth, K-uptake and soil-K in arable cropping. 2. Field test of the model

Abstract. The validity of the model described in Greenwood & Karpinets (1997) was tested against the results of single year, multi level K fertilizer experiments. Measurements of plant mass, %K in the plant and K activity ratio in soil had been made at harvest and at intervals during the growing season on spring wheat, summer cabbage and turnips. Reasonably good agreement was obtained between these measurements and simulated values when the two 'crop' parameters (defining the dependence of critical and maximum possible %K on plant mass) were adjusted for each crop. Also good agreement was generally obtained for plant weight and plant %K at harvest in less detailed experiments on 10 other crops. Values of the two 'crop' parameters for 12 of the crops were strongly correlated with one another suggesting that a single 'crop' parameter may be all that is required to define most inter-species differences in plant-K demand.
Simulations with the model indicate that, in central England, no response of 10 crops to K fertilizer would be likely on soils containing more than 170 mg of 1 M ammonium nitrate extractable-K/kg of soil and having clay contents of between 15 and 45%. Shortcomings of the model and opportunities for advance are discussed.
A simplified version of the model runs on the Internet at: http://www.qpais.co.uk/moda-djg/potass.htm     

果园无公害管理

针对我国果品生产普遍存在的农药、化肥、塑料污染等问题，提出无公害管理的主要措施：通过采取农业措施，搞好病虫预测预报和适当药剂防治等控制病虫害，以有机肥和果园覆草为主，结合少量施用化肥建立科学的肥水管理制度，控制塑料污染和环境污染，建立标准化的生产技术规程。     

有机无机肥配施对精量穴直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响

为探究有机无机肥配施对精量穴直播水稻产量及氮素利用的影响,2018—2020年,选用鸡粪型有机肥进行不同比例有机肥替代化肥田间小区试验。试验采用两因素裂区设计,主区为3个杂交水稻品种,分别是宜香优1108、F优498、德优4727;副区为不同比例有机肥替代化肥,在总施氮量150 kg·hm^-2水平下,设置100%化学N肥（M1）、75%化学N肥+25%有机肥（M2）、50%化学N肥+50%有机肥（M3）、25%化学N肥+75%有机肥（M4）和100%有机肥（M5）共5个处理,以不施N肥为对照（CK）。结果表明,随着有机肥比例的增加,3个品种的每穗粒数和产量均先增加后降低。对于宜香优1108,M2处理的每穗粒数最多、产量最高,2018、2019和2020年分别较M1处理增产2.92%、5.53%和8.07%。对于F优498和德优4727,M3处理的每穗粒数最多、产量最高,3年分别较M1处理平均增产9.13%、7.33%、7.21%和2.7%、6.03%、8.69%。施肥处理中均以M5处理的产量最低。对于氮素转运率,M2和M3处理水稻的氮素转运率增加,其中,宜香优1108在M2和M3处理下氮素转运率3年平均较M1处理提高9.40%和11.41%,F优498提高9.63%和19.18%,德优4727提高9.40%和18.03%。随着有机肥比例的增加,氮素表观利用率降低,氮素收获指数、氮素农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均先增加后减少。宜香优1108在M2和M3处理下氮素收获指数3年平均较M1处理提高5.05%和5.54%,F优498提高4.53%和8.80%,德优4727提高4.88%和8.98%。由此表明,在精量穴直播下,有机肥与无机肥的合理配施能更好地调控水稻对养分的吸收利用,从而提高产量;宜香优1108采用25%有机肥替代化学氮肥时产量最佳,而F优498和德优4727采用50%有机肥替代化学氮肥增产效果更好。     

粒状生物质炭基尿素肥料制备及其性能研究

利用沙柱间歇淋溶试验研究评价粒径、尿素和生物质炭质量比、高岭土添加量对肥料缓释性能及颗粒,承受最大破坏力影响规律。当高岭土添加量为10%,在尿素与炭比为1??1~1??5时,可获得80%以上的最大成型率,颗粒的最大破碎压缩力可达10 N以上。随着生物质炭含量增加和肥料颗粒粒径增大,颗粒缓释肥缓释性能提高,当颗粒粒径为5~6 mm,尿素与生物质炭质量比由1??1变化至1??5时,第1次淋溶其累积释放率由43.35%下降至15.64%,比纯尿素颗粒肥下降33%~60%,纯尿素颗粒肥养分到第2次淋溶已完全释放,而缓释肥的尿素的累积释放到第5次淋溶才基本完成。可见缓释肥的缓释性能可通过改变炭粉添加量调节以满足不同作物生长需求。通过对生物质炭基尿素肥料生产流程和经济性分析,说明生物质炭基尿素肥料生产工艺简单、运输方便、价格合理。     

周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在探讨周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平对内蒙古白绒山羊内源尿素氮循环和微生物蛋白质合成的影响。饲粮分为低(7.5%)、中(10.5%)和高(13.5%)3个蛋白质水平。选用9只体况良好,体重为(45.63±3.15)kg,装有瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古白绒山羊,采用单因子随机区组试验设计分为3组,即中蛋白质饲粮组(对照组)、变动低蛋白质饲粮组(2 d低蛋白质饲粮—2 d高蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)、变动高蛋白质饲粮组(2 d高蛋白质饲粮—2 d低蛋白质饲粮,循环饲喂)。预试期16 d,正试期12 d。通过全收粪尿法、嘌呤衍生物法和同位素灌注法测定山羊氮代谢、内源尿素氮循环以及微生物蛋白质合成的变化。结果表明:1)中蛋白质饲粮组与变动蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液氨氮(NH3-N)浓度显著增加(P<0.05),粪氮、尿氮排出量显著增加(P<0.05),沉积氮/摄入氮显著降低(P<0.05),尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量和微生物蛋白质合成的量显著降低(P<0.05);2)变动低蛋白质饲粮组与变动高蛋白质饲粮组比较,瘤胃液NH3-N浓度显著降低(P<0.05);3)周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平后,进入胃肠道的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05),进入尿中的尿素氮/肝脏合成的内源尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),返回鸟氨酸循环的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著减少(P<0.05),用于再合成的尿素氮/进入胃肠道的尿素氮显著增加(P<0.05)。综上所述,周期性变动饲粮蛋白质水平有利于提高内蒙古白绒山羊氮利用率和微生物蛋白质合成量。     

施用不同钾肥对辣椒产量和品质的影响

通过在辣椒上进行不同钾肥单独或混合施用试验,研究了不用种类钾肥对辣椒产量及品质的影响。研究结果表明,在正常施用氮、磷肥的基础上,处理1（全用K2SO4）产量最高,处理2（全用KCl）经济效益最高,杂椒线椒粗脂肪、VC含量均随K2SO4施用量上升而上升,太椒303随KCl施用量增加而增加,但产品中Cl^-含量是否超标有待进一步检测。     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥与比斯美生物有机肥在水稻上的使用效果比较

[目的]探讨旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥与比斯美生物有机肥在水稻上的应用效果。[方法]进行田间试验,室内考种分析,探讨2种肥料在水稻上的应用效果。[结果]旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥与比斯美生物有机肥处理的水稻,表现为熟期提早,植株矮壮,后期熟相好。虽有效穗比对照分别有所减少,但穗粒数、结实率、千粒重均有所增加。比斯美生物有机肥处理的水稻与对照平产,旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥处理的水稻产量比对照增加0.54个百分点。[结论]旺得丰有机-无机生物复混肥具有较好的肥效,比斯美生物有机肥肥效不明显,能够节省化肥的使用。