妃子笑荔枝早花果和晚花果大小不同与温度的关系

以着生于同一果穗上的妃子笑早花果和晚花果为对比试材,研究发现,早花果比晚花果大1.5倍以上,其大小差异与它们发育期间所经历的温度条件有关;生长温度比平均气温更能反映温度对果实发育影响;晚花果在开花前的温度及其累积量均大于早花果,可能导致晚花果的子房壁细胞数量少于早花果;晚花果在果实发育阶段I的平均温度大于早花果是缩短阶段I的原因,而其累积量小则是全果、果皮和种子重量低于早花果的原因;在阶段II,晚花果的温度累积量大,但果皮和假种皮重量显著低于早花果。此结果也间接地说明阶段I的果皮发育对阶段II的假种皮发育和最终果实大小具决定性的作用(球皮对球胆效应)。     

山地小气候模型在帽儿山地区气候模拟中的应用

利用山地小气候模拟模型(MTCLIM)对帽儿山地区气候进行了模拟,由已测数据作为输入变量,对帽儿山张家沟集水区2002年最冷月均温、最热月均温、降水量、蒸散发等进行了模拟估算,结果表明:高海拔地区年积温低于低海拔地区,符合随海拔高度的增加温度降低的一般规律;最冷月均温、最热月均温分布规律与积温的分布规律相吻合,它们的空间分布与地形变化基本上是一致的。但是由于植被因素的作用,潜在蒸散量略有不同。用帽儿山气象站1989—2001年实测数据对模拟结果进行验证,两者数据基本符合。将MTCLIM模型与GIS技术相结合,采用不同的垂直递减率,运用Kringing方法对气象因子的时间、空间分布的模拟,不仅可以了解温度、降水、辐射等因子的分布情况,还可以为生态学过程研究奠定坚实的基础,同时也可以为植被动态模型提供气候数据支持,揭示森林植被变化的动态过程,实现森林景观与功能的耦合。     

红壤性水稻田土壤-水-植物系统中毒死蜱的迁移转化和分布特征

为了探究毒死蜱在红壤性水稻田土壤、水、植物系统中的迁移转化和分布特征,通过室内批量平衡吸附实验、野外喷施试验与动态观测,研究了持续淹水和间歇淹水条件下红壤性水稻土-水-水稻系统中毒死蜱的迁移转化和分布特征。结果表明：毒死蜱在呈酸性的红壤性水稻土中易于淋失迁移至深层土壤（可达50 cm）;白昼的高温导致表层土壤孔隙水中毒死蜱及其主要降解产物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇（TCP）的浓度显著上升,而降雨事件促进两者向深层土壤迁移;水稻收获时土壤中毒死蜱残留量较高,且其剖面分布较为均匀;间歇淹水处理可使收获时水稻籽粒和茎秆中的毒死蜱残留量降低为持续淹水处理水稻相应部位的0.69倍和0.84倍。研究显示,红壤性水稻土壤中毒死蜱的淋溶作用较强,不同的灌溉方式对收获期水稻中毒死蜱的含量有显著影响。     

不同空间范围土壤色度的纬向变化特征及其气候意义

对不同气候条件下发育的土壤/古土壤进行色度分析,探讨其色度参数的空间变化规律及其作为气候变化代用指标的可靠性。结果表明:(1)较小的空间尺度上,土壤色度参数变化复杂,与气候相关关系不显著。土壤色度参数在大空间尺度中均表现出一定的纬向变化,红度(a*)随纬度的增加而降低,黄度(b*)与纬度的拟合曲线趋近于开口向上的抛物线,黄度与红度的比值(b*/a*)随着纬度的增加近似呈线性增加。(2)土壤剖面色度参数均与气候因子(年均降水和年均温)具有一定的相关关系,b*/a*与年均温相关系数最大。色度参数a*与年均降水相关系数稍高于b*/a*,但a*易受其他因素影响;而土壤色度参数b*/a*对土壤颜色的空间变化敏感,是指示气候变化的适用指标。     

气候×基因型×水分管理对河北平原冬小麦产量和WUE的影响

冬小麦是华北平原的主要作物,其生长受气候等环境因子和品种、管理措施等因素的共同影响。为了研究气候×基因型×水分管理互作对河北平原冬小麦产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响,以‘科农2009’‘藁优2018’和‘师栾02-1’3个该区域主栽冬小麦品种为材料,于2018—2019年沿北纬38°带,选择河北平原冬小麦主产区的4个典型试验站点(衡水、南皮、栾城、南大港)进行了不同水分管理(雨养、灌溉)的大田试验。结果表明:在灌溉条件下,衡水、南皮、栾城和南大港的小麦产量分别为6 316.7kg·hm~(-2)、5 204.1kg·hm~(-2)、4 356.5kg·hm~(-2)和2 597.7 kg·hm~(-2), WUE分别为1.62 kg·m~(-3)、1.72 kg·m~(-3)、1.36 kg·m~(-3)和1.08 kg·m~(-3);在雨养条件下,南皮、栾城、衡水和南大港的小麦产量分别为2 644.4kg·hm~(-2)、2 602.8kg·hm~(-2)、2 422.3kg·hm~(-2)影响1 784.3kg·hm~(-2),WUE分别为1.13kg·m~(-3)、1.10 kg·m~(-3)、1.18 kg·m~(-3)和1.01 kg·m~(-3)。统计分析表明,穗数是影响产量的最主要因素,气候×水分管理互作对产量和WUE均有极显著影响(P0.01),气候×基因型×水分管理互作对WUE有显著影响(P0.05);水分是影响产量和WUE的最重要因素。综合产量、耗水和WUE分析,在降水量偏少的年份,南皮在4个试验站点中冬小麦耗水量较少、WUE最高、产量较高。分蘖能力强的小麦品种是适宜该区域种植的潜力品种类型。     

Assessment of early survival and growth of planted Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris) seedlings under extreme continental climate conditions of northern Mongolia

Environmental factors play vital roles in successful plantation and cultivation of tree seedlings.This study focuses on problems associated with reforestation under extreme continental climatic conditions.The objectives were to assess relative seedling performance(survival and growth)with respect to plantation age,and to analyze the influence of specific climatic factors during the early stages of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)plantations.The study was carried out in reforested areas of the Tujyin Nars region of northern Mongolia on six Scots pine plantations ranging from 5 to 10 years.In each of the six plantations,five 900 m^2 permanent sample plots were established and survival rates and growth performance measured annually over 7 years.Results show high variation in survival among the plantations(p<0.001,F=29.7).Seedling survival in the first year corresponded directly to the number of dry days in May.However,survival rate appeared to stabilize after the second year.The insignificant variation of height categories throughout the observation period indicated low competition among individuals.Two linear mixed-effect models show that height and radial growth were best explained by relative air humidity,which we consider to be a reliable indicator of site-specific water availability.Insufficient amounts and uneven distribution of rainfall pose a major threat during the first year of plantation establishment.Humidity and water availability are decisive factors for a successful seedling plantation.This highlights the impact of drought on forest plantations in northern Mongolia and the importance of developing climate resilient reforestation strategies.     

龙口市致灾晚霜冻的气候特征分析及预防措施

通过对龙口市1988-2007年间春季出现霜冻日的背景资料分析,总结了龙口市晚霜冻出现的概率以及天气形势背景。结果表明：龙口市的终霜日有20%出现在4月下旬,由较强冷平流影响加辐射降温产生,出现在冷空气过境后微风、晴空的后半夜;造成龙口市重灾的晚霜冻均出现在4月下旬,气候背景是4月上旬、中旬气温和地温异常偏高,4月上旬、中旬日平均气温高于14℃和日平均地面温度高于18℃,导致农作物发芽早、果树开花早,承受低温能力减弱而造成重灾害。针对晚霜冻产生的天气背景以及致灾原因,提出了预防晚霜冻的措施。     

气候变化对红枣产量的影响分析

该文应用距平法、累积距平法以及Mann-Kendall突变检验法对清涧县温度、降水量及红枣产量数据进行了趋势及突变分析,以探求气候因子对该县45年间红枣产量的影响。结果表明:(1)45年间清涧县红枣产量分别于1998和2006年发生趋势增加的突变;(2)1998和2006年清涧县春、夏季气温均具上升趋势。春、夏季温度是影响清涧县红枣产量的关键因子,清涧县红枣产量与温度呈正相关;(3)清涧县1998年的春季及夏季降水量均具显著下降趋势,春、夏季降水量是影响清涧县红枣产量的关键因子,清涧县红枣产量与降水量呈负相关。     

Climate impacts on palm oil yields in the Nigerian Niger Delta

Palm oil production has increased in recent decades and is estimated to increase further globally. The optimal role of palm oil production, however, is controversial because of conflicts with other important land uses and ecosystem services. Local conditions and climate change affect resource competition and the desirability of palm oil production in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.The objectives of this study are to (1) establish a better understanding of the existing yield potentials of oil palm areas that could be used for integrated assessment models, (2) quantify for the first time uncertainties in yield potentials arising from the use of climate output data from different Global Circulation Models (GCM’s) with varied West African Monsoon (WAM) system representations forced to the same Regional Climate Models (RCM’s). We use the biophysical simulation model APSIM (Agricultural Production Systems Simulator) to simulate spatially variable impacts of climate change on oil palm yield over the Nigerian Niger Delta. Our results show that the impact of climate change on oil palm yield is considerable across our study region. The yield differences between the IPCC RCPs were small. The net impact of climate change on oil palm is positive and is dynamically inconsistent. There is no significant change in the simulated yield arising from the differences in the forcing’s data. We found the most effective strategy for oil palm yield optimization under climate change to be shifting of sowing dates and introduction of irrigation.     

Does intercropping enhance yield stability in arable crop production? A meta-analysis

The adverse effects of climate change are significantly decreasing yield levels and yield stability over time in current monocropping systems. Intercropping (IC), i.e. growing more than one species simultaneously in the same field, often increases resource use efficiency and agricultural productivity compared with growing the component crops solely and can enhance yield stability. This meta-analysis of published IC literature quantified and analysed yield stability in IC compared with the respective sole crops, focusing on the effect of intercrop components (e.g. cereal-grain legume, non-cereal-grain legume), experimental patterns (e.g. experiment over years, experiment over locations), IC design (e.g. additive and replacement) and climatic zone (e.g. tropical, subtropical, and temperate). In total, 33 articles were analysed. The coefficient of variation (%CV) of yields was used for assessing yield stability, with lower CV value indicating higher yield stability. The analysis showed that cereal-grain legume IC (CV = 22.1) significantly increased yield stability compared with the respective grain legume sole crops (CV = 31.7). Moreover, compared with the respective cereal and legume sole crops, IC in the cereal-grain legume systems gave higher yield stability than IC in the non-cereal-grain legume systems. Compared with the respective cereal (CV = 25.3) and legume (CV = 30.3) sole crops, IC (CV = 19.1) in a replacement design had significantly (P < 0.05) higher yield stability. Also intercropping in replacement design gave more stable yields than IC in an additive design. In tropical regions, cereal sole crops (CV = 26.3) showed lower yield stability than IC (CV = 17.7) and legume sole crops (CV = 21.7). However, IC in all climatic zones showed higher yield stability than both sole crops. Moreover in our analysis, it was found that a higher yield level provided higher yield stability in crop production. Thus, increasing crop diversification through IC of cereals and grain legumes can enhance yield stability and food security, making an important contribution to eco-functional, ecological or sustainable intensification of global food production.