Interannual variation in Neocalanus biomass in the Oyashio waters of the western North Pacific

We examined the interannual variation in Neocalanus copepod biomass in the Oyashio waters in spring and summer from 1972 to 1999. In the mid‐1970s, mesozooplankton biomass in spring was high; however, it decreased significantly in the late 1970s. The timing of the decrease in mesozooplankton biomass corresponded to the 1976/77 climatic regime shift. The biomass of N. flemingeri, which dominated the Neocalanus community, was roughly constant from 1980 to 1999. Although species‐level estimates of Neocalanus biomass were not available for the 1970s, a previous study reported that Neocalanus copepods were the predominant mesozooplankton in the Oyashio waters in spring during the 1970s. Neocalanus copepods dominated the mesozooplankton community throughout the 1970s, and their biomass decreased in the late 1970s. Springtime net community production, an index of new production, also decreased in the late 1970s. We suggest that the reduction in new production negatively affected Neocalanus food availability, resulting decreased copepod biomass. New production may have been limited by a combination of subsurface iron supplies, increased vertical density gradient, and reduced vertical water mixing in winter, which resulted in diminished iron entrainment in winter. In summer, mesozooplankton biomass significantly decreased and increased synchronously with the 1976/77 and 1988/89 climatic regime shifts. The biomass of N. plumchrus, which dominated the Neocalanus community, was low in the 1980s and increased in the early 1990s. The biomass of the second‐most dominant copepod, N. cristatus, also increased in the early 1990s. Neocalanus copepods were reported to be a dominant component of the mesozooplankton community in the 1970s; Neocalanus biomass was high in the mid‐1970s and decreased in the late 1970s. Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus), an important predator of Neocalanus copepods, exhibited interannual variation in standing stock that was inversely related to mesozooplankton biomass. At their peak in 1984, sardines consumed 32–138% of the daily Neocalanus production during summer. Therefore, predation pressure on Neocalanus by Japanese sardine is likely to affect interannual variation in mesozooplankton biomass during the summer.     

Influence of feeding regime on intraspecific competition, fin damage and growth in 1+ Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.) held in freshwater production cages

The feeding behaviour, growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of cage‐held Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.) were studied when in 576 m³ (12 m × 12 m × 4 m) commercial freshwater cages under ambient water temperature (8.84±3.53°C) and photoperiod (11.02±2.05 h) for 205 days. The effect of feeding regime on fin damage was also investigated. Six groups (n=31 234±2051 fish group⁻¹, initial stocking density 1.25±0.14 kg m⁻³) were fed to satiation using either (a) an imposed regime involving scheduled, fixed ration feeding every 10 min from dawn till dusk or (b) on demand from dawn till dusk using commercial interactive feedback systems. During feeding, there were no significant differences in aggression although swimming speeds and turning angles were significantly higher in fish under the imposed regime. On‐demand feeding significantly reduced the incidence of dorsal fin damage. There was no clear relationship between fish size, feed regime and the incidence of fin damage until 1 week before the fish were transferred to marine cages, when the smallest fish under each feeding regime had the highest incidence of fin damage. Interestingly, growth did not differ between regimes, but fish under the imposed regime were significantly overfed and achieved higher FCRs.     

鱼台县43a降水气候特征分析

根据鱼台县气象局1967～2009年鱼台县的降水资料,采用旱涝出现的频率分析旱涝变化的基本特征,用降水距平百分率的滑动平均和其逐年值分析降水量变化的周期特征,对鱼台县近43a来的降水变化进行了较全面的分析研究。结果表明：该县已进入1个较长的丰水周期,发生涝或偏涝的可能性增大,发生旱或偏旱的可能性减小。在今后的工作中,要以抗涝救灾为主,但又要兼顾个别年份发生的干旱天气。     

潍坊市未来气候变化趋势分析

应用区域气候模式PRECIS对20212050年潍坊市气温及降水量进行模拟,采用5年滑动平均和线性倾向估计的方法分析其变化趋势。结果表明,未来潍坊市平均气温、最高气温、最低气温均将升高,年降水量将增加,高温日数和暴雨日数将增多。     

武威市极大风速气候特征分析及其推算

利用武威市观测站2005~2013年最大风速与极大风速观测数据,拟合武威市最大风速与极大风速之间关系,从而推算1980~2004年极大风速,对武威市1980年以来极大风速气候特征进行分析。结果表明,1980年以来武威市极大风速共出现4个峰值,分别出现在1984、1985、1993和2013年,尤其是1993年,极大风速达30.5 m/s,历史灾情记录显示1993年的"5.5黑风"破环力极强,给武威的农业生产带来了极大的影响,1994~2012年属于极大风速较小阶段,但由于此阶段武威市设施农业发展迅速,仍是给当地生产造成的严重的损失,利用第Ⅰ型极值分布方法推算武威市未来10、30、50、100年内可能出现的最大风速,推算结果分别为28.6、31.3、32.6、34.3m/s,在今后设施农业的规划和发展应加强大风灾害的防范。     

辽宁省大洼县50年气候变化特征分析

利用大洼县1961~2010年的气温、降水、日照等资料,统计分析该县50年气候变化特征。结果表明,近50年大洼县全年及春、夏、秋、冬季四季平均气温总体呈上升趋势,以冬季增温最为明显;降水全年及春、夏、冬季有增多的趋势,秋季有减少的趋势,夏季降水量增幅最大;全年及四季的日照变化明显呈减少趋势,其中夏季日照时数减少幅度最大。     

甘肃省和政县近53年气候变化特征分析

[目的]研究和政县近53年气候变化特征。[方法]利用和政县1961—2013年气象资料,选取气温、降水及蒸发量作为研究对象,采用相关系数检验法、线性倾向估计法、5年滑动平均值法及年代际比较法,对和政县近53年的气候变化趋势进行了分析。[结果]近53年和政县平均气温随时间变化呈明显的上升趋势,其中冬季增温速率最大,夏季和秋季接近,春季最小;降水量呈总体持平略减少趋势,其中春季和夏季降水量随时阃的线性变化趋势不明显,冬季呈增加趋势,秋季呈减少趋势,但增减幅度不大;蒸发量随时间变化呈明显的减少趋势,其中春季和夏季蒸发量减少幅度较大,秋季和冬季减少幅度较小,年蒸发量的减少主要是由春季和夏季蒸发量减少造成的。[结论]在气温明显升高、降水量正常略少的情况下,蒸发量呈明显的减少趋势,干旱指数小幅下降,和政县干湿状况基本稳定,气候暖干化趋势不明显,气候变暖对农业生产影响不大。     

本溪市区雷暴天气气候特征及其对农业的影响

根据本溪市区46年气象资料的统计分析,总结出了该地区雷暴天气气候规律和特征,并分析了该地区因雷暴天气灾害频发,造成农业诸多方面灾情,影响和破坏了粮食产量质量及农业基础设施;同时,提出利用雷暴天气规律和特征,指导农业生产活动,并提出防御对策。     

江都区近50年来降水特征浅析

根据1961~2010年江都气象站降水观测资料,采用滑动平均、Mann-Kendall(M-K)检验和累积距平法等方法对江都区近50年来的降水特征进行了分析。研究表明,江都区年平均降水量1 001.8 mm,年际差异较大,年内分布不均,一年中降水主要集中在夏季(6~8月);近50年来年降水总量没有明显的变化趋势,略呈增加趋势;但秋季(9~11月)降水量有明显减少趋势,尤其是近10年来减少趋势显著,这一趋势的突变发生在1991年;相反冬季(12月~次年2月)降水量呈现出明显增多趋势,特别是进入21世纪以来增多趋势十分显著,冬季降水的突变发生在1987年。