近150年北京春季物候对气候变化的响应

对北京春季6种物候的计算得出其代表性指标一山桃始花期，并分析物候对气温变化的响应模式。根据气温变化态势，将历史时期气温和物候资料划分为4个时间段，并采用u检验论证时间段间具有显著性差异，分析物候期对气温变化的响应模式和机制，得出：物候期的提前与推迟对温度的增高与降低的响应是非线性的，在同等增、降温幅度下，因降温而导致的物候期推迟幅度较因增温而导致物候期提前幅度小；平均气温增高1℃，北京春季物候期提前2．8—3．6d。并估算了未来北京春季物候变化趋势。     

陇东黄土高原春播紫花苜蓿生态气候特征及适生种植区划

根据对春播两年生紫花苜蓿生长状况和相应气象观测资料的分析，探讨了陇东黄土高原地区春播紫花苜蓿的生长发育与平均气温、积温及降水量等生态气侯条件的定量关系，据此得出陇东地区紫花苜蓿的适生种植区划和气侯风险区划。综合区划结果提出开发利用气侯资源的途径和生产紫花苜蓿的对策，为陇东地区进一步调整农业生产结构，发展畜牧业生产和改善生态环境提供依据。     

Nitrogen Accumulation and Translocation for Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Regimes

The translocation of pre‐anthesis nitrogen to the grain is an important source for winter wheat. The relation between the nitrogen translocation and irrigation regime was studied in the field under a rain‐proof trough shelter. Nitrogen (N) translocation amount, N translocation efficiency decreased with a decline in irrigation amount or by excessive irrigation. Compared with different organs, the leaf and stem had higher N translocation amounts, and contributions to grain for both cultivars – Jinan 17 and Lumai 21, indicating that stem also is a major N source for grain development. The contribution of pre‐anthesis total above ground N to grain N ranged from 57 to 76 %, indicating the importance of pre‐anthesis storage of N for achieving high grain N concentrations. Grain nitrogen and yield (kg ha^?1) were positively and significantly correlated with the N translocation amounts and contributions, respectively, suggesting that the sink strength may be involved in the translocation of N from a vegetative organ to the grain. N harvest index (NHI) was significantly correlated with N translocation efficiency, suggesting that the latter is a prerequisite for increasing grain N and improving grain quality. The experiment showed that N translocation status is enhanced by better irrigation practices, but limited by severely deficient or excessive irrigation.     

Analysis of soil-vegetation systems' sensitivity to changes of climate-dependent carbon turnover parameters

 The nonlinear model of the carbon cycle in soils (NAMSOM) was used to analyze the sensitivity of soil organic matter levels to variations in carbon turnover parameters. We were able to predict the sensitivity of soil organic matter levels to variations of climate-dependent carbon turnover parameters, which allowed us to compare the sensitivity of soil organic matter levels to net primary productivity of plant communities and plant debris decomposition rate constants across the range of soils in the European part of Russia. The results indicate that meadow steppes show the lowest sensitivity to variations of these parameters. In passing from meadow steppes to the northern taiga and to semideserts, the sensitivity increases. In general, soil organic matter levels of boreal forest ecosystems are about 2–3 times more sensitive to input and decomposition of plant debris than to decomposition of humus. In subboreal grassland ecosystems the sensitivity to humus decomposition increases and becomes closer to the degree of sensitivity shown by soil organic matter levels to variations of productivity and decomposition of plant debris. The proposed method may be useful for predicting the response of ecosystems to climatic change. Received: 1 December 1997     

水分类型对土壤排放的温室气体组成和综合温室效应的影响

实验室研究表明,土壤排放出的温室气体（ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ）组成及总理显著地受土壤水分类型和施用秸秆的影响。连续淹水条件下,土壤仅排放微理的Ｎ２Ｏ,但排放出大量的Ｃ睡Ｃ敢条件下,土壤不排放Ｃ上键合的但排放出大量的Ｎ２Ｏ;虽然淹水的土壤排水促进Ｎ２Ｏ排放,但显著抑制ＣＨ４的排放,淹水好气交替处理的土壤其排放的ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ均在好气和连续淹水之间。根据各种温室产生温室效应的相对潜力,计算土壤     

土壤水分状况和质地对稻田N2O 排放的影响

１９９４年中国科学院封丘生态试验站通过小区试验研究了土壤质地和水分状况对稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放的影响。结果表明稻田Ｎ２Ｏ排放主要受土壤水分状况的影响,淹水状态下,Ｎ２Ｏ排放很少,水分落于期间Ｎ２Ｏ排放量占水稻生长期Ｎ２Ｏ排放总量的８７．５０％～９８．６５％。土壤质地显影响稻田平均Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量,砂质土壤排放的Ｎ２Ｏ显或极显高于壤质和粘质土壤,水稻生长期砂质、壤质及粘质土壤的平均Ｎ２Ｏ排放通量分别为１３７．６３、８７．５４和６３．６μｇＮ２Ｏ－Ｎ／ｍ＾２．ｈ。     

新疆冬小麦物候与气候条件研究

利用１９８０￣１９９０年新疆气象局所属的２４个农业气象观测点所获得的冬小麦物候资料及相应的气候资料,研究了冬小麦物候期及其分布规律,冬小麦物候期间隔日数和冬小麦生长发育的农业气候农业。结果表明：纬度愈高,海拔高度愈高,冬前冬小麦物候期愈早,而春季返青后物候期愈晚,但纬度及海拔高度对冬小麦物候期的影响不是常数,随物候期而异;冬小麦物候期间隔日数从播种到冬前停止生长为５８ｄ,从返青到孕穗为６０ｄ,抽穗     

用GIS和作物模型对作物生产进行区域模拟方法

简要地介绍了区域模拟及对模拟结果进行检验的方法。基于空间地理信息的模拟既能反映大范围地区内气候、土壤等地理信息的空间变量对作物产量的影响 ,也能反映不同地区社会经济情况、农业耕作方式等对作物生产的影响。在GIS技术支持下 ,对基于站点的作物生长模拟模型进行改造 ,从而对大区域范围进行以特点网格 (如 5 0km× 5 0km)为单元的模拟     

气候变化对新疆地区棉花生产的影响

经分析发现新疆棉区近50年来气侯变暖变湿并且日照时数明显减少。利用COPRAS动力评估模型研究得出：气侯变化对新疆棉区不同区域的棉花生长发育影响是不同的，北疆棉区、南疆盆地西缘区和南疆盆地东缘区棉花的开花期和吐絮期明显提前，棉花停止生长期明显延后，70年代、80年代和90年代比60年代全生育期分别平均延长8．2d、2．4d和5．2d；近50年来新疆地区棉花模拟产量明显增加，平均增产为15．7kg/hm^2/10年，尤其在北疆棉区。棉花模拟产量波动性明显加强，说明受气侯变化的影响棉花生产风险也在加大。