黑垆土有机碳在团聚体中的分配及其保护机制

以黄土高原广泛分布的黑垆土为研究对象,研究了6个粒级团聚体中总有机碳(TOC)、稳定性有机碳(St OC)、矿物保护态有机碳(MOC)、化学稳定性有机碳(ROC)和游离氧化铁(Fed)、无定形氧化铁(Feo)、络合态氧化铁(Fep)以及黏土矿物含量的特征,重点分析了有机碳在各粒级团聚体中的分配及其与黏土矿物和各种形态氧化铁之间的相关性,及探讨了有机碳的保护机制。结果表明:黑垆土中约80%的土壤有机碳赋存于0.5~0.25、0.25~0.05和0.05 mm的3个粒级团聚体中;黑垆土中的有机碳以St OC为主,其含量随着团聚体粒级的减小而增加。在0.5~0.25和0.25~0.05 mm团聚体中,TOC含量与Fed含量呈正相关关系,相关性系数(r)均为0.72(P0.05);在0.25~0.05 mm粒级团聚体中,ROC含量与Fed含量呈正相关关系(r=0.68,P0.05),而St OC和MOC含量与伊利石含量具有正相关关系r分别为0.71(P0.05)和0.68(P0.05)。黑垆土中对有机碳起保护作用的主要是Fed和伊利石,但二者对有机碳的保护机制可能有所不同:Fed与有机碳络合形成化学稳定性有机碳,而伊利石主要通过吸附作用实现对有机碳的保护。     

Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen from fresh and anaerobically stored sheep manure in soils of different texture

A sandy loam soil was mixed with three different amounts of quartz sand and incubated with (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ (60 g N g^-1 soil) and fresh or anaerobically stored sheep manure (60 g g^-1 soil). The mineralization-immobilization of N and the mineralization of C were studied during 84 days of incubation at 20°C. After 7 days, the amount of unlabelled inorganic N in the manure-treated soils was 6–10 g N g^-1 soil higher than in soils amended with only (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄. However, due to immobilization of labelled inorganic N, the resulting net mineralization of N from manure was insignificant or slightly negative in the three soil-sand mixtures (100% soil+0% quartz sand; 50% soil+50% quartz sand; 25% soil+75% quartz sand). After 84 days, the cumulative CO₂ evolution and the net mineralization of N from the fresh manure were highest in the soil-sand mixutre with the lowest clay content (4% clay); 28% fo the manure C and 18% of the manure N were net mineralized. There was no significant difference between the soil-sand mixtures containing 8% and 16% clay, in which 24% of the manure C and -1% to 4% of the manure N were net mineralized. The higher net mineralization of N in the soil-sand mixture with the lowest clay content was probably caused by a higher remineralization of immobilized N in this soil-sand mixture. Anaerobic storage of the manure reduced the CO₂ evolution rates from the manure C in the three soil-sand mixtures during the initial weeks of decomposition. However, there was no effect of storage on net mineralization of N at the end of the incubation period. Hence, there was no apparent relationship between net mineralization of manure N and C.     

黏土基氮·磷·钾缓释肥的制备及其释放特征

[目的]利用黏土作为载体制备黏土基氮、磷、钾缓释肥,是提高化肥利用率的有效途径。[方法]以膨润土和高岭土为载体,采用研磨法制备了多种黏土基氮、磷、钾肥及复合肥,并用淋溶试验评价了肥料的释放性能,得到了氮、磷、钾的释放特征曲线。[结果]相比于传统化学肥料,使用高岭土和膨润土复合的氮、磷、钾肥对氮、磷、钾元素都起到了较好的缓释效果。膨润土对氮、磷、钾的缓释性能要优于高岭土,其原因在于膨润土单元层内电荷不平衡及边缘大量断键的存在,并且其水合膨胀后具有较大的层空间,能够将氮、磷、钾锁定在膨润土层间,不会轻易流失。制得的膨润土基复合肥CLAY-N-P-K中氮、磷、钾都具有较好的缓释性能,就释放速率而言,氮的释放速率最快,钾次之,磷最慢。[结论]研究膨润土基氮、磷、钾肥的缓释特征对缓释肥的生产和使用有重要价值。     

苯胺在有机修饰黏化层塿土中的吸附动力学

以不同比例十六烷基三甲基溴化铵单一修饰(CB)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠混合修饰(CB+SDS,简称CS)(土娄)土黏化层土样,采用批处理法通过不同的速度参数研究了修饰土样对苯胺的吸附动力学特征。结果表明,有机修饰能够显著加快土黏化层土样对苯胺的吸附速度、温度的升高可使起始吸附速度加快,但对其他各项速度参数影响不显著;苯胺吸附速度随添加浓度的增大而增大;在20℃和40℃下,总吸附速度Vt、起始吸附速度V0.5、快速吸附速度Vf在低苯胺添加浓度下,总体上不同比例修饰土样对苯胺的吸附速度差异均不显著,而在高苯胺添加浓度下,在5%显著性水平上均具有CB100%修饰土(100CB)>CB50%比例修饰土(50CB)≈CB100%+SDS20%修饰土(120CS)>原土(CK)的高低顺序;苯胺的吸附反应呈现快速反应和慢速反应两个阶段,总吸附反应以快速吸附反应为主,修饰土样快速反应和慢速反应的转折时间(tc)均在3h以内;修饰土样中有机相对苯胺的疏水分配吸附是快速吸附的主要机制,具有吸附质浓度驱动的特征;慢速吸附主要发生在未被修饰的原始土样表面,机制比较复杂。     

Toposequential Variation in Soil Fertility and Rice Productivity of Rainfed Lowland Paddy Fields in Mini-Watershed (Nong)in Northeast Thailand

Abstract

Mini-watersheds called Nongin Thai are geographical components of rainfed lowland rice culture in Northeast Thailand, and constitute distinct units in understanding environmental constraints for low and unstable rainfed rice production there. The toposequential variation of soil fertility and its relation to rice productivity within mini-watersheds, was examined by phytometry of sampled soils and field measurements of rice growth and yield. The phytometry experiment with irrigated potted rice using soils sampled from various rice fields within each mini-watershed, revealed that soil fertility as evaluated by rice dry matter production showed a 5 times difference among the fields at most. The difference in the soil fertility was ascribed primarily to that in nitrogen (N) supply capacity, which itself had a strong correlation with soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Accordingly, the biomass production of pot-grown rice was proportional to SOC. content, which suggested the usefulness of SOC as an index for soil fertility evaluation. The effect of clay on the soil fertility was much less than that of SOC. The actual rice yield in each field also showed quite large field-to-field variation, most of which was explained by the SOC content, rice growth duration and fertilizer application rate even though water availability also affected the yield. The yield positively correlated with growth duration and hence with earlier transplanting. Both SOC and clay contents of fields showed steep gradients with ascending field elevation within mini-watersheds, resulting in a marked toposequential distribution of rice yield. The toposequential distributions of SOC and clay contents imply that rice culture after deforestation accelerated soil erosion from upper to lower fields. The large toposequential gradient in soil fertility requires different resource and crop management for each toposequential position, in order to improve rice productivity of the mini-watershed as a whole.     

A model for simulating rock–water interactions in a weathering profile subjected to frequent alternations of wetting and drying

Physically based equations for unsaturated groundwater flow and solute transport have been coupled with kinetic rate laws for mineral dissolution–precipitation, and mass balance/mass action equations for aqueous species, in a numerical model that is capable of simulating rock–water interactions in a weathering profile subjected to fluctuating boundary conditions. A numerical experiment was conducted to demonstrate how incipient soil development may proceed in a warm subhumid environment. The simulation involved a hypothetical coarse-textured parent material that was subjected to frequent wetting and drying during an annual water cycle. The hypothetical weathering profile evolved rapidly; dissolution of primary minerals (enstatite, forsterite, and diopside) and precipitation of secondary clay–minerals (kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite) occurred monotonically despite the abrupt fluctuations in soil-moisture content. In contrast, the activities of aqueous species and dissolution–precipitation rates of calcite were very sensitive to the changing moisture conditions in the upper part of the profile. Although the simulation involved numerous simplifying assumptions, reasonable results were achieved and the calculated (from the model) rate of chemical denudation fell within the range of contemporary denudation rates determined from the dissolved loads of rivers.     

Characteristics and mineralogy of desert alluvial soils: Wadi Zegrir,Northern Sahara of Algeria

Few studies on the characteristics and mineralogical trends of the soils in the Sahara Desert have been reported in the literature. This work aims at studying the morphology, the classification, and the mineralogy of desert alluvial soils of the Mzab region in the Northern Sahara, Algeria. Morphological and analytical studies carried out on fourteen pedons of wadi Zegrir over a range of elevations (250–850?m) indicate that the soils are sandy to silty clay, nonsaline (electrical conductivity, EC?相似文献   

农业利用对东北黑土黏粒矿物组成及养分的影响

为了明确农业利用对土壤的黏粒矿物组成差异及养分的影响;通过在东北黑土定点和历时8年的现代农业开垦利用,以研究东北黑土的黏粒矿物组成差异及养分的影响;经过8年的农业开垦利用后,东北黑土的风化进程加强,0.002～0.02 mm粉粒含量显著降低(F=5.84>P0.01=0.026),而黏粒含量因水土流失,增加未达到显著;土壤交换性离子活性较强,酸化程度加重,有机质含量降低,对养分保蓄能力明显下降。土壤中的伊利石含量极显著降低(F=11.25>P0.01=0.003),而高岭石和蒙脱石含量极显著增加(F=11.67>P0.01=0.003;F=13.89>P0.01=0.001),S/I混层矿物含量也较8年前的高;土壤黏粒矿物是极为敏感的胶体类型,它的改变会影响土壤肥力特征。     

Kinetics of Competitive Fixation of Potassium and Ammonium Ions by Silt Component of Soils from Different Agro-Climatic Regions

Potassium (K⁺) and nitrogen [N, as the form of ammonium (NH₄⁺)] are major nutrients for plant growth. Although there have been a number of studies on the kinetic fixation of potassium and ammonium ions in soils and clays, however, investigations on the kinetics of competitive fixation of these ions have been few, if any, especially by taking into account silt component of the soils. In this study, the kinetics of potassium and ammonium fixation were examined in the silt components of several soil samples. The results revealed that considerable amounts of K⁺ and in lesser amounts, NH₄⁺ ions were fixed by silt components of the soils. Potassium fixation was strongly preferred over ammonium. To describe the fixation kinetics, seven mathematically models were evaluated. A comparison of the models showed that pseudo-second-order equation properly described the fixation of these ions by the silt components.     

Phosphorus desorption affected by drying and wetting cycles in Ferralsols and Luvisols of Brazilian Northeast

Semiarid soils are subjected to wetting and drying cycles which influence sorption and desorption of applied phosphorus fertilizer. Phosphorus desorption was determined in soils from toposequences of two soil groups (Ferralsol and Luvisol) from a semiarid area, subjected to wetting and drying cycles. Samples from surface and subsurface horizons of upslope, midslope, and downslope positions were incubated for 4 months with phosphorus doses corresponding to 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the maximum adsorption capacity, under constant moisture (80% water retention capacity) or 12 cycles of wetting and drying. Phosphorus desorption was lower in the Ferralsol than in the Luvisol, and lower in the subsurface than in the surface horizons, probably due to greater clay, Fe, and Al oxides contents, but they were similar among slope positions, of same mineralogy. Desorption tended to be greater in samples submitted to wetting and drying cycles but differences were small. P recovery reached 40–50% in the Luvisol, and 30–40% in the Ferralsol. The relatively low P retention capacity suggests a high residual effect of the P applied. Therefore, in relation to P losses, water retention techniques are less important than those that prevent soil erosion.