Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen from fresh and anaerobically stored sheep manure in soils of different texture

A sandy loam soil was mixed with three different amounts of quartz sand and incubated with (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄ (60 g N g^-1 soil) and fresh or anaerobically stored sheep manure (60 g g^-1 soil). The mineralization-immobilization of N and the mineralization of C were studied during 84 days of incubation at 20°C. After 7 days, the amount of unlabelled inorganic N in the manure-treated soils was 6–10 g N g^-1 soil higher than in soils amended with only (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄. However, due to immobilization of labelled inorganic N, the resulting net mineralization of N from manure was insignificant or slightly negative in the three soil-sand mixtures (100% soil+0% quartz sand; 50% soil+50% quartz sand; 25% soil+75% quartz sand). After 84 days, the cumulative CO₂ evolution and the net mineralization of N from the fresh manure were highest in the soil-sand mixutre with the lowest clay content (4% clay); 28% fo the manure C and 18% of the manure N were net mineralized. There was no significant difference between the soil-sand mixtures containing 8% and 16% clay, in which 24% of the manure C and -1% to 4% of the manure N were net mineralized. The higher net mineralization of N in the soil-sand mixture with the lowest clay content was probably caused by a higher remineralization of immobilized N in this soil-sand mixture. Anaerobic storage of the manure reduced the CO₂ evolution rates from the manure C in the three soil-sand mixtures during the initial weeks of decomposition. However, there was no effect of storage on net mineralization of N at the end of the incubation period. Hence, there was no apparent relationship between net mineralization of manure N and C.     

黏土基氮·磷·钾缓释肥的制备及其释放特征

[目的]利用黏土作为载体制备黏土基氮、磷、钾缓释肥,是提高化肥利用率的有效途径。[方法]以膨润土和高岭土为载体,采用研磨法制备了多种黏土基氮、磷、钾肥及复合肥,并用淋溶试验评价了肥料的释放性能,得到了氮、磷、钾的释放特征曲线。[结果]相比于传统化学肥料,使用高岭土和膨润土复合的氮、磷、钾肥对氮、磷、钾元素都起到了较好的缓释效果。膨润土对氮、磷、钾的缓释性能要优于高岭土,其原因在于膨润土单元层内电荷不平衡及边缘大量断键的存在,并且其水合膨胀后具有较大的层空间,能够将氮、磷、钾锁定在膨润土层间,不会轻易流失。制得的膨润土基复合肥CLAY-N-P-K中氮、磷、钾都具有较好的缓释性能,就释放速率而言,氮的释放速率最快,钾次之,磷最慢。[结论]研究膨润土基氮、磷、钾肥的缓释特征对缓释肥的生产和使用有重要价值。     

苯胺在有机修饰黏化层塿土中的吸附动力学

以不同比例十六烷基三甲基溴化铵单一修饰(CB)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠混合修饰(CB+SDS,简称CS)(土娄)土黏化层土样,采用批处理法通过不同的速度参数研究了修饰土样对苯胺的吸附动力学特征。结果表明,有机修饰能够显著加快土黏化层土样对苯胺的吸附速度、温度的升高可使起始吸附速度加快,但对其他各项速度参数影响不显著;苯胺吸附速度随添加浓度的增大而增大;在20℃和40℃下,总吸附速度Vt、起始吸附速度V0.5、快速吸附速度Vf在低苯胺添加浓度下,总体上不同比例修饰土样对苯胺的吸附速度差异均不显著,而在高苯胺添加浓度下,在5%显著性水平上均具有CB100%修饰土(100CB)>CB50%比例修饰土(50CB)≈CB100%+SDS20%修饰土(120CS)>原土(CK)的高低顺序;苯胺的吸附反应呈现快速反应和慢速反应两个阶段,总吸附反应以快速吸附反应为主,修饰土样快速反应和慢速反应的转折时间(tc)均在3h以内;修饰土样中有机相对苯胺的疏水分配吸附是快速吸附的主要机制,具有吸附质浓度驱动的特征;慢速吸附主要发生在未被修饰的原始土样表面,机制比较复杂。     

Toposequential Variation in Soil Fertility and Rice Productivity of Rainfed Lowland Paddy Fields in Mini-Watershed (Nong)in Northeast Thailand

Abstract

Mini-watersheds called Nongin Thai are geographical components of rainfed lowland rice culture in Northeast Thailand, and constitute distinct units in understanding environmental constraints for low and unstable rainfed rice production there. The toposequential variation of soil fertility and its relation to rice productivity within mini-watersheds, was examined by phytometry of sampled soils and field measurements of rice growth and yield. The phytometry experiment with irrigated potted rice using soils sampled from various rice fields within each mini-watershed, revealed that soil fertility as evaluated by rice dry matter production showed a 5 times difference among the fields at most. The difference in the soil fertility was ascribed primarily to that in nitrogen (N) supply capacity, which itself had a strong correlation with soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Accordingly, the biomass production of pot-grown rice was proportional to SOC. content, which suggested the usefulness of SOC as an index for soil fertility evaluation. The effect of clay on the soil fertility was much less than that of SOC. The actual rice yield in each field also showed quite large field-to-field variation, most of which was explained by the SOC content, rice growth duration and fertilizer application rate even though water availability also affected the yield. The yield positively correlated with growth duration and hence with earlier transplanting. Both SOC and clay contents of fields showed steep gradients with ascending field elevation within mini-watersheds, resulting in a marked toposequential distribution of rice yield. The toposequential distributions of SOC and clay contents imply that rice culture after deforestation accelerated soil erosion from upper to lower fields. The large toposequential gradient in soil fertility requires different resource and crop management for each toposequential position, in order to improve rice productivity of the mini-watershed as a whole.     

Consequences of slotting on the pore characteristics of a sandy soil in northeast Thailand

In the sandy soils of northeast Thailand, root development is generally limited to the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) but a simple slotting intervention (20–40 cm) significantly increased the root frequency in the slotted material (E_slot) compared with the undisturbed subsoil (E horizon). The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of slotting on the soil structure by analysing at different scales the pore characteristics of the original soil profile and of the soil material inside the slot. These characteristics were studied using bulk density measurements, image analysis of thin sections and mercury porosimetry. Our results showed that the total porosity of the E horizon and E_slot material was similar when measured in 100 cm³ cylinders, but that the pore size distribution had been changed by slotting. The unaltered E horizon contained mainly small pores characterized by a narrow distribution related to close packing of the sand grains, associated with some biological macropores probably with poor continuity as they did not contain roots despite their size. On average, pores were larger in the E_slot material, with a broader distribution resulting from looser packing of the sand grains but with fewer biological macropores. Although slotting reduced the number of biological pores, the looser packing appeared to be more favourable to root development than the presence of macropores in the E horizon. Finally, the comparison of the porosity in the different horizons with the porosity of the E_slot material, indicated the significance of the closeness of the sand packing on root development.     

A model for simulating rock–water interactions in a weathering profile subjected to frequent alternations of wetting and drying

Physically based equations for unsaturated groundwater flow and solute transport have been coupled with kinetic rate laws for mineral dissolution–precipitation, and mass balance/mass action equations for aqueous species, in a numerical model that is capable of simulating rock–water interactions in a weathering profile subjected to fluctuating boundary conditions. A numerical experiment was conducted to demonstrate how incipient soil development may proceed in a warm subhumid environment. The simulation involved a hypothetical coarse-textured parent material that was subjected to frequent wetting and drying during an annual water cycle. The hypothetical weathering profile evolved rapidly; dissolution of primary minerals (enstatite, forsterite, and diopside) and precipitation of secondary clay–minerals (kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite) occurred monotonically despite the abrupt fluctuations in soil-moisture content. In contrast, the activities of aqueous species and dissolution–precipitation rates of calcite were very sensitive to the changing moisture conditions in the upper part of the profile. Although the simulation involved numerous simplifying assumptions, reasonable results were achieved and the calculated (from the model) rate of chemical denudation fell within the range of contemporary denudation rates determined from the dissolved loads of rivers.     

冻结气温降幅对潜水入流量影响的试验研究

为了揭示冻结气温降幅对潜水入流量的影响,通过室内冻结试验装置设定地下水位埋深为87.5 cm,进行了3种冻结气温降幅,2种土壤质地的单向土壤冻结试验,监测潜水入流量的变化。结果表明：大幅降温冻结下,潜水入流速率较大,冻结第41天砂壤土和粉质粘壤土潜水入流量分别较小幅降温冻结下的潜水入流量高51.8 mm和50.7 mm;冻结气温降幅越大,潜水入流量受土壤质地的影响越明显,小幅降温、中幅降温和大幅降温冻结下,第41天砂壤土潜水入流量较粉质粘壤土潜水入流量分别高8.6 mm、11.5 mm和14.2 mm;土壤颗粒直径越小,潜水入流量对冻结气温降幅的响应越早。研究成果对于地下水浅埋区地下水资源量的科学评价和土壤盐碱化防治等具有重要的指导意义。     

中粉质壤土泥浆泵法修筑淤地坝人工排水管网布设优选研究

以延安市志丹县前拐沟淤地坝筑坝现场修筑的人工试验小区为研究对象,使用土水比为1.0和1.5的泥浆,进行3种管道布设方式（横向管道、竖向管道、横竖向结合管道）、3种灌浆高度（30、60、90 cm）下的排水管网优选试验。结果表明,横竖结合管道的排水效果最好,竖向管道次之,且二者差距不大,横向管道最差,实际筑坝中宜优先选用竖向排水管道;在布设竖向管道和布设横竖结合管道2种情况下,管道排水均集中在试验最初的12 h内,且同种布设方式管道排水效果受灌浆高度的影响不大,可适当缩短1次灌浆后的静置时间和适当增大灌浆高度以缩短筑坝工期。     

耕作方式对Brookston粘壤土耕层不同深度有机碳分布及稳定性影响

以加拿大安大略省西南部的Brookston粘壤土为研究对象,测定免耕和秋翻管理下耕层土壤不同深度(0～5,5～10,10～20 cm)中土壤有机碳的分布与动态变化,探索耕作方式对耕层不同深度中有机碳数量与稳定性的影响.结果表明:表层(O～5 cm)中,长期免耕土壤有机碳含量高于长期秋翻和短期免耕土壤,且有机碳较容易矿化,更加活跃.下层(10～20 cm)中,长期免耕土壤有机碳含量低干长期秋翻和短期免耕土壤,有机碳稳定性高于长期秋翻和短期免耕土壤.     

不同质地土壤主要养分动态变化及其对烤烟的影响分析

研究不同质地贵州黄壤主要养分在烤烟生长发育周期内的动态变化及其对烟叶产量、品质的影响.将威宁粉壤土、开阳壤粘土同置于开阳气候下,采用统一栽培措施种植烤烟.研究发现,与高等肥力的壤粘土比较,中等肥力的粉壤土矿化率更高,无机氮、有效磷含量更高,利于保存施入的铵态氮,烟叶氮素、钾素浓度更大,烟叶钾氯比更大,烟叶产量更高.而高...