叶绿体清除白葡萄酒中二氧化硫效果研究

[目的]研究从菠菜中提取的叶绿体应用于脱除白葡萄酒中二氧化硫的效果。[方法]从菠菜中提取叶绿体,并采用单因素试验和响应面分析法确定其用于白葡萄酒中二氧化硫的优化反应条件。[结果]试验得出,在pH为6.28、反应时间5 h、叶绿体浓度为450mg/kg条件下,对一般白葡萄酒中二氧化硫的脱除率可达到99%以上。[结论]研究可为白葡萄酒中残留二氧化硫的清除提供一定的方法依据。     

拟南芥Psrp-4基因参与光合作用机制的研究

叶绿体核糖体是植物特有的细胞器之一,其主要功能是合成质体基因编码的蛋白质.已有研究表明在叶绿体核糖体内含有6个质体特有蛋白PSRP （plastid-specific ribosomal protein）,分别命名为PSRP1~PSRP6.然而,这些蛋白在叶绿体蛋白合成过程以及光合作用中的作用机制研究尚处初级阶段.在本研究中,为了阐明PSRP-4蛋白在叶绿体发育过程中的作用机制,我们利用Gateway系统构建了Psrp-4基因（At2g38140）的RNAi表达载体,转化野生型拟南芥后获得了Psrp-4基因表达量明显降低的psrp-4突变体.研究结果表明：psrp-4突变体比野生型生长略微缓慢,但叶片颜色与野生型差别不大,能够进行正常的光合作用.在高光胁迫条件下,测定psrp-4突变体光合化学效率,发现与野生型差异不明显;进一步的蛋白免疫印记实验证明Psrp-4基因表达量的降低对PSⅡ反应中心D1蛋白的周转也没有明显影响.因此,推测PSRP-4蛋白可能不是叶绿体蛋白合成以及光合作用的正常进行所必需的.     

玉米叶片“源”的高温胁迫阈值研究

为了明确玉米叶片“源”的高温胁迫温度阈值,采用盆栽试验,利用可精准控温（模拟大气温度变化）的人工气候室,以日最高温32℃为对照,分别设置日最高温34℃、36℃和38℃ 3个处理,于玉米拔节期进行持续10d的温度控制试验,比较叶片光合作用光反应和暗反应阶段对不同高温的响应,以及叶片气孔和叶绿体超微结构的变化。光反应阶段,38℃处理下的光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量（F_v/F_m）和实际光化学量子产量Y（Ⅱ）与其他处理相比均显著降低,但胁迫解除后均恢复至正常水平,而其他3个处理无显著性差异;暗反应阶段,与对照相比,36℃和38℃处理的叶片净光合速率（P_n）均显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）均显著升高,且38℃处理在胁迫解除后P_n未能恢复。透射电镜结果显示,在36℃和38℃处理下,叶绿体结构逐渐紊乱降解,脂质球体含量增加,淀粉粒合成减少。综上可知,对于玉米叶片“源”,日最高温的胁迫阈值是36℃,阈值附近的高温胁迫主要是限制光合作用的暗反应阶段。     

Modulation of carbohydrate metabolism and chloroplast structure in sugarcane leaves which were infected by Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus (SCYLV)

Non-symptomatic sugarcane plants infected with Sugarcane Yellow Leaf Virus showed starch in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells. In situ-hybridization of mRNAs of sucrose-phosphate phosphatase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase revealed that infected leaves contained SPPase and AGPase in mesophyll cells, Kranz cells and bundle sheath cells. In contrast virus-free leaves contained SPPase only in Kranz cells and AGPase only in bundle sheath cells. Infected leaves exhibited ultrastructural changes in Kranz cell chloroplasts and a shift of the chlorophyll a/b ratio. No obstruction of plasmodesmata was observed. The results indicate that SCYLV-infected plants, even when visually non-symptomatic, underwent strong metabolic and ultrastructural changes.     

水稻叶片叶绿体发育分子机制的研究进展

概述了近年来国内外有关水稻叶片叶绿体发育分子机制的研究进展,通过试验说明了温度和光照对水稻叶片叶绿体发育相关基因表达的影响,并展望了水稻叶片叶绿体在分子水平上的研究前景。     

夹竹桃叶色白化的原因探讨

[目的]从叶片结构,叶绿体等亚细胞结构以及色素组成研究该突变体叶色白化的原因。[方法]以叶色白化的夹竹桃叶片为材料,用光学显微镜观察不同发育阶段的叶绿体形态;用板层析技术分析叶片中光合色素的组成。[结果]突变型与野生型的叶肉细胞无明显差异,但白化叶片中栅栏组织和海绵组织几乎看不到绿色存在;分离2种叶色的叶绿体发现,突变型的成熟叶绿体数量很少;板层析结果显示,白化夹竹桃中光合色素基本缺失。[结论]夹竹桃叶色白化可能是因叶绿体合成受阻引起叶绿素缺失造成的。     

绿豆开花后不同节位叶片衰老的超微结构研究

以绿豆品种安05-4为试验材料,在透射电镜下观察了绿豆不同生育时期、不同节位叶片衰老进程.结果表明,绿豆植株开花后16 d内,叶肉细胞排列整齐,细胞间隙小,细胞中叶绿体高基粒片层数增加;开花23 d以后,叶片迅速衰老,细胞解体,叶肉细胞出现间隙,叶绿体减少,叶绿体基粒片层、基质片层解体.不同节位叶片衰老存在差异,表现为主茎开花第三节叶片＞第二节叶片＞第一节叶片.     

水稻斑马叶突变体zebra1349的表型鉴定及基因精细定位

从恢复系育种材料[R128//(R318/R1025)F1]F6中获得一个新的斑马叶突变体zebra1349,突变体秧苗期如果不移栽,与野生型一样表现绿色,移栽后5 d新抽出的叶片包括叶鞘会呈现出与叶脉垂直的黄绿相间的条纹,移栽后30 d抽出的叶片又表现正常绿色,成熟期主要农艺性状与野生型无明显差异。与野生型相比,突变体六叶期斑马叶黄区部位的总叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量分别下降了55.86%、61.02%、39.34%和47.03%。透射电镜(TEM)观察表明,突变体斑马叶绿区部位叶绿体发育正常;黄区部位叶肉细胞中叶绿体结构异常,类囊体膜退化和分解严重,类囊体基粒片层数量明显减少,片层间距拉大,排列疏松。对zebra1349与正常叶色品种杂交F1、F2代的遗传分析表明该性状受1对隐性核基因调控。利用1192株zebra1349/02428 F2隐性定位群体,最终把ZEBRA1349基因定位在水稻第12染色体In Del标记indel39和indel44之间,其遗传距离分别为0.04 c M和0.17 c M,根据日本晴基因组序列推测,两标记之间的物理距离约为89 kb。本研究为ZEBRA1349基因的图位克隆和功能研究以及分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础。     

Chloroplast DNA markers for Echinochloa taxa

The genus Echinochloa (Poaceae) includes numerous problematic weeds over a wide range of ecoregions in the world. To date, molecular markers for species identification and assessing phylogenetic relationship are still limited in the genus Echinochloa. In this study, we developed seven chloroplast molecular markers based on divergent chloroplast regions of E. crus‐galli and E. oryzicola. Furthermore, Marker #1 (psbA) was examined in more than 200 Echinochloa accessions and a phylogenetic tree grouped these Echinochloa accessions into four clades. Additionally, two different E. crus‐galli varieties (E. crus‐galli var. crus‐galli, E. crus‐galli var. praticola) and E. colona were successfully distinguished by this marker. The developed molecular markers contribute to better identification of Echinochloa taxa.     

The origin and dissemination of the cultivated almond as determined by nuclear and chloroplast SSR marker analysis

Sixteen nuclear and 10 chloroplast SSR markers were evaluated for 40 almond genotypes including cultivated almond, 18 related species and 5 interspecific-hybrid populations. Results establish the value of SSR (nuclear and chloroplast) markers for distinguishing different genetic lineages and characterize an extensive gene pool available to almond genetic improvement. Hierarchical analysis using integrated nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers support Prunus fenzliana, a species native to the northeast Iran, as a probable ancestor of the cultivated almond. Results also established the importance of interspecific hybridization and subsequent genetic introgression in the development of cultivated almond and demonstrate continuing value of an interspecific gene pool for modern cultivar improvement. Molecular results implicate a dissemination of the cultivated almond from Asia to the Eastern Mediterranean and subsequently the Western Mediterranean and the New World is supported by the molecular analysis of regional germplasm.