玉米芯糠醛废渣炭制备碳素墨水的研究

糠醛废渣炭中含有大量的碳素,过去的处理方式是直接填埋到地下,不仅浪费资源,而且还会对环境造成污染.糠醛废渣炭除去其中的灰分能得到性质稳定、疏松的炭黑,适合用作碳素墨水的原料.试验证明,利用除去灰分的糠醛废渣炭作为原料用于制作碳素墨水的方法是非常可行的,同时其墨水性能优良.这为处理糠醛废渣炭提供了一种新方法,而且具有一定的经济价值.     

玉米秸秆炭与炭化温度和时间的关系

[目的]筛选出最适宜炭化温度和时间条件下的生物炭。[方法]以玉米秸秆为生物质炭制作原料,对比研究不同炭化温度(350、450、550℃)和时间(1.5、2.0、2.5 h)制备的玉米秸秆炭的p H、电导率等特性及有机质、氮、磷、钾等元素含量及其间的相互关系。[结果]玉米秸秆炭有机质含量随炭化温度的升高和时间的延长而降低[62.23%(350℃)48.52%(450℃)35.78%(550℃)];在350℃炭化温度下p H随着时间的延长而增大,450和550℃炭化温度下p H基本保持在10左右;电导率随炭化温度和炭化温度的变化不明显,炭化温度350℃对玉米秸秆炭电导率的影响相对较大。玉米秸秆炭中速效钾含量随着温度的升高和时间的延长逐渐增加,全氮和碱解氮则相反,速效磷含量较高,表现出574.53 mg/kg(450℃)493.75 mg/kg(350℃)283.98 mg/kg(550℃)的变化趋势。[结论]350℃(2.5 h)和450℃(2.0 h)制备的玉米秸秆炭的农业利用预期效应较好,农业价值较高。     

外源木炭对苄嘧磺隆在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用振荡平衡法研究了除草剂苄嘧磺隆在3个不同粒径木炭和2种不同类型土壤中的吸附-解吸特征,重点考察了外源木炭对苄嘧磺隆在土壤中吸附-解吸过程的影响。结果表明,苄嘧磺隆在土壤和木炭中的吸附-解吸符合Freundlich方程。木炭对苄嘧磺隆有很强的吸附能力,木炭粒径越小,吸附能力越强。添加木炭能显著提高土壤对苄嘧磺隆的吸附量,木炭添加量越多,苄嘧磺隆吸附量越大,相对的解吸量越少。苄嘧磺隆在土壤和木炭中的解吸过程呈明显的滞后效应,且滞后效应随着苄嘧磺隆初始浓度增大和土壤中木炭添加量增大而逐渐加强。该项研究表明,以木炭作为人工添加吸附剂可有效的减少苄嘧磺隆从土壤中的流失。     

茶叶炭化物对有机污染物质吸附性能的研究

以茶叶粉为原料,在250-400℃下炭化制得茶叶炭化物。研究结果表明,随着炭化温度和保温时间的增加,炭化物的得率呈不断下降的趋势。随着温度的升高,氨和甲醛的吸附值呈现先升后降的趋势,在300℃时达到最大,而苯吸附值呈现不断上升的趋势。在实验条件下,保温时间的延长反而不利于炭化物对苯、甲醛、氨的吸附。     

Thermal testing methods in determination of characterization of charcoals

IntroductionCharcoal, produced by the paFtial pyrolysis of woodin an inert atmosphere, is a complex material of whichthe physical and chemical characteristics may varywidely. The properties may vary with the type of woodused, the part of the tree from which the wood is cut,as well as the pyrolysis regime tO which the wood issubjeCt6d. The aim of the present work is tO develop arange of t6sts for the charaCt6rization of compositionand reactivity of charcoals for use in gunpoWder.Compositiona…     

Effect of glyphosate on Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro and its effect on disease severity of soybean in the field

Laboratory and field studies were conducted to assess the effects of glyphosate on Macrophomina phaseolina culture growth in vitro and the disease severity of charcoal rot in soybean fields at Stoneville, MS and Jackson, TN. Glyphosate inhibited M. phaseolina growth in a linear dose dependent manner when technical grade glyphosate acid (GlyCry) was used; however, growth was inhibited in an exponential dose dependent manner when a commercial formulation of glyphosate-potassium salt (Gly-K salt) was used. The glyphosate GR₅₀ values (glyphosate concentration required to cause a 50% reduction) in culture radial growth ranged from 0.25 to 9.94 mM among the M. Phaseolina isolates, temperatures, and formulations. The three isolates differed in response to various concentrations across the three temperature regimes. Among the three isolates, TN 410 was the most sensitive for both GlyCry (GR₅₀ = 7.74 mM) and Gly-K salt (GR₅₀ = 0.25 mM) at 30 °C. This research indicates that glyphosate has the ability to inhibit growth of M. phaseolina in culture in vitro. The preliminary field studies demonstrated that application of glyphosate to glyphosate-resistant soybeans did not enhance or reduce the severity of charcoal rot in a no-till field in TN but had some suppressing effect in a tilled environment in MS when single applications were made at growth stage V3 and V6.     

Treatment of ibuprofen intoxication with charcoal haemoperfusion in two dogs

ABSTRACT

Case history: Two dogs presented separately to the Small Animal Hospital, University of Florida (Gainsville, FL, USA) for ingestion of ibuprofen. The first dog ingested 561.8?mg/kg ibuprofen in addition to paracetamol and caffeine and vomited prior to admission. This patient also received fluid therapy for 8 hours prior to charcoal haemoperfusion. The second dog ingested 500?mg/kg of ibuprofen and the owners induced vomiting with hydrogen peroxide prior to presentation. Due to the severity of clinical signs, both patients were treated with charcoal haemoperfusion.

Clinical findings: The concentrations of ibuprofen in the blood of the dogs prior to treatment were 478 and 301?mg/L. During the treatment ibuprofen concentrations were reduced by 95.8% and 45.5%, respectively, with no treatment side effects and minimal clinical signs after treatment.

Diagnosis: Toxicity due to ingestion of ibuprofen toxicity that was successfully treated with charcoal haemoperfusion.

Clinical relevance: In the cases described here minimal benefit was seen after 3 hours of treatment using one haemoperfusion cartridge. This is in contrast to a previously published report in which dogs were treated for 6 hours with two charcoal haemoperfusion cartridges. This suggests that one cartridge may be sufficient. The amount of ibuprofen ingested was not a reliable predictor of the concentration in blood at the initiation of treatment. Charcoal haemoperfusion is an effective means of reducing plasma concentrations of ibuprofen, however, its use may be limited by its cost and availability.     

Responses of soybean genotypes to pathogen infection after the application of elicitors

Soybean diseases and pests can affect soybean production. One emerging pest management method is to treat plants with chemical elicitors at nontoxic levels to induce host resistance. The objective of this research was to determine if elicitors, benzothiadiazole (BTH), chitosan (CHT), phenylalanine (PHE), and salicylic acid (SA), applied to soybean foliage could alter the response of soybean genotypes to soybean pathogens. Two of the soybean genotypes had been previously shown to produce high or low amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to elicitation. In the greenhouse, soybean genotypes were challenged with three pathogens 48 h after elicitation. Plants of the cultivar Pharaoh (susceptible control) treated with SA, and then inoculated with Macrophomina phaseolina had a shorter (α = 0.05) stem lesion length (34 mm) than the water control (55 mm). Plants of soybean genotype LD00-2817p (high capacity to produce ROS) and the cultivar Sloan treated with BTH, PHE, or SA, and then inoculated with Phytophthora sojae had greater (α = 0.05) survival rates than plants treated with the water control. The four elicitors and a water control were evaluated on LD00-2817p and LDX01-1-65 in the field for two consecutive years. Foliar disease incidence and severity were low for both years, although there were some differences in stem disease ratings. For example, charcoal rot stem severity rating was reduced (α = 0.05) from 2.0 in the water control to 1.1 with a PHE treatment for LD00-2817p and was reduced (α = 0.05) from 3.8 in the water control to 2.6 with SA for LDX01-1-65 in 2013. Both greenhouse controlled experiments and field experiments showed that genotype-specific elicitation reduced disease severity in some cases, but the differences were greater under controlled-inoculated conditions.     

Electromagnetic shielding efficiency of the electric field of charcoal from six wood species

Six wood species were carbonized under various carbonization temperatures and nonoxygen conditions to obtained charcoal. The effects of wood species, rate of temperature rise, and carbonization temperature on the electromagnetic shielding efficiency (ESE) of the electric field were investigated. The wood species used in this study were Japanese cedar, China fir, western hemlock, red oak, fortune paulownia, and Taiwan acacia. Tested materials were carbonized in a high-temperature oven under the following conditions: rate of temperature rise 1°–5°C/min; carbonization temperature 500°–1100°C, with temperature intervals of 100°C; maximum temperature maintained for 1h; and flow rate of nitrogen 300ml/min. The electromagnetic insulation strength system was used to detect the ESE of the electric field of charcoal. It was found that western hemlock and fortune paulownia charcoal showed maximum ESE values of of 36 and 61dB generated at a carbonization temperature of 1000°C. The charcoals derived from four other wood species showed maximum ESE values of 28dB for Japanese cedar, 23dB for China fir, 32dB for red oak, and 38dB for Taiwan acacia, respectively, at a carbonization temperature of 1100°C. The ESE value for fortune paulownia charcoal was similar to those of metal nets. The relations between ESE and logarithmic values of resistivity (log) could be represented by a negatively exponential formula.Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000