鳢性别控制育种及应用研究进展

鳢(Channa)是我国重要的淡水鱼类,具有较高的经济价值.鳢普遍存在显著的性别二态性,雄性个体生长速度快、个体大、饲料系数低,因此,全雄单性养殖具有重大的经济意义.阐述了全雄乌斑杂交鳢性别控制育种过程:利用性别分子标记辅助育种技术和生殖内分泌调控技术创制超雄斑鳢新种质,开展母本乌鳢2代群体选育,然后超雄斑鳢与选育的母...     

乌鳢和金黄色乌鳢肌肉营养成分分析与评价

比较普通乌鳢和金黄色乌鳢肌肉营养成分,为金黄色乌鳢的营养价值研究提供理论依据。采用国际标准检测方法,分别测定普通乌鳢和金黄色乌鳢肌肉的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量,并用SPSS16.0对测定结果进行分析。结果显示,2种乌鳢肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的含量没有表现出显著差异(P>0.05),金黄色乌鳢肌肉中水分含量显著高于普通乌鳢(P<0.05);2种乌鳢检测出的17种氨基酸中谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高,半胱氨酸(Cys)含量最低,EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA的比值分别在39.29%~39.66%和77.20%~79.36%之间;2种乌鳢饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸总量差异不显著(P>0.05),均含有EPA和DHA,差异不显著,而金黄色乌鳢油酸和亚油酸含量显著高于普通乌鳢。金黄色乌鳢不仅与普通乌鳢同样具备较高的营养和保健价值,还具备特有的观赏价值,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

Efficacy of various concentrations of synthetic hormones on the induced breeding of Channa marulius (Sole)

A study was conducted to determine the artificial breeding response, embryonic and larval development of giant snakehead, Channa marulius, with the application of various dosages of stimulatory hormones: Suprefact® (LHRH) agonist and Ovaprim® (GnRH + dopamine inhibitor). First and second hormonal dosages of Suprefact® (diluted) and Ovaprim® (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 ml for male and 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0 ml for females per kilogram body weight) were used. There were three treatments T₁, T₂, and T₃ and each treatment had three replicates. Male fish were treated with T₁ (0.3), T₂ (0.4), T₃ (0.5) ml kg⁻¹ of body weight while female fish with T₁ (0.8), T₂ (0.9), T₃ (1.0) ml kg⁻¹ of body weight. The results showed that fish stimulated with T₃ (1.0) obtained better fecundity rate (2951.7) followed by T₂ (0.4) (2678.3), while the lowest fecundity (466.7) was recorded in T₁. The numerically higher values of gonado-somatic index (males and females) and fertilization rate appeared in T₂. The highest survival rate (97.1%) was found in T₃ followed by T₂ (97.0%), while the lowest (32.2%) in T₁. In conclusion, the application of Suprefact® and Ovaprim® at 0.4 and 0.5 ml kg⁻¹ body weight for male and 0.9 and 1.0 ml kg⁻¹ for female fish successfully stimulated snakehead fish induced breeding.     

豆粕对乌鳢肠道菌群组成及微生物氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响

为研究豆粕替代鱼粉对乌鳢生长、肠道菌群组成和微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响,分别用豆粕替代0、25%、50%和75%的鱼粉配制4组等氮等能的饲料饲喂初始体质量为(8.65±0.25) g的幼鱼(分别命名为G1、G2、G3和G4组),养殖实验在室内纤维玻璃钢桶中进行,实验周期为21 d。结果显示,各组间幼鱼成活率无显著性差异;G4组乌鳢幼鱼的生长性能显著低于G1和G2组,而G3组幼鱼生长性能与其余3组差异不显著。厚壁菌门在G1和G2组乌鳢肠道中的比例显著高于G3组,且在G4组中的比例最低;变形菌门在G1和G2组中的比例显著低于G3和G4组;G4组中乳球菌属、杆菌属、假单胞菌属、链球菌属、芽孢杆菌属和不动杆菌属的比例显著低于其余3组。另外,G4组幼鱼肠道微生物谷丙转氨酶、腺苷脱氨酶活性显著高于其余3组,而G1组乳酸脱氢酶的活性最高。研究表明,豆粕替代鱼粉除了对乌鳢幼鱼的生长产生影响外,也显著影响了肠道微生物组成及微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶的活性,本研究结果对于从微生态角度进一步理解豆粕在乌鳢配合饲料中的应用提供了理论依据和参考。     

我国乌鳢Channa argus（Cantor）的养殖现状及发展前景

本文简要地综述了我国乌鳢的养殖现状，分析了乌鳢的养殖发展前景，同时提出了开发乌鳢养殖业的对策。     

Identification and Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DJ1990 on Tail and Fin Rot Disease in Spotted Snakehead

Tail and fin rot disease (TFRD) is a big issue in the production of spotted snakehead, Channa punctata Bloch. The aims of the present study were to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogen causing TFRD, to detect histopathological changes in tissues (fin, tail, liver, and kidney), and to ascertain the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolate. Out of six bacterial isolates, only the isolate DJ1990 was found to be the causal candidate of TFRD in C. punctata. Identical histopathological changes were detected in tail, fin, liver, and kidney under light and scanning electron microscope in both collected diseased fish and artificially infected fish. The isolate was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain DJ1990 (National Center for Biotechnology Information Ace. No. KX709967) based on the biochemical characterization tests and 16S rDNA sequence‐based phylogeny analysis. Artificial challenge test demonstrated that the strain DJ1990 was highly virulent (100% mortality at 48 h of postinjection period at the concentration of 1.5 × 10⁷ CFU/g of body weight) for C. punctata. The isolate exhibited sensitivity to the broad‐spectrum antibiotics but was resistant against aztreonum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of P. aeruginosa as a TFRD‐causing candidate in C. punctata.     

Effects of dietary astaxanthin on growth,blood biochemistry,antioxidant, immune and inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide‐challenged Channa argus

The present study investigated the effects of dietary astaxanthin on the growth, blood biochemical, antioxidant, immune and inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide‐challenged Channa argus. A total of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of astaxanthin were added to the basal die for 56 days. After the feeding experiment, each group was subjected to a lipopolysaccharide challenge (except for the Control group). The results showed that adding astaxanthin to the diet can significantly increase the weight gain and specific growth rate and decrease the feed conversion ratio of C. argus; the highest weight gain, specific growth rate and minimum feed conversion ratio occurred in the 100 mg/kg group. Furthermore, dietary astaxanthin supplementation can alleviate the negative effects of lipopolysaccharides by increasing the levels of alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, complement 3, complement 4, total serum protein, albumin, globulin, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and decrease the serum cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde. Dietary astaxanthin supplementation also can decrease the relative expression of inflammatory genes (nuclear factor κB, interleukin‐1, interleukin‐8 and tumour necrosis factor‐α) in the liver, spleen, kidney and intestine. To summarise, dietary astaxanthin addition can improve the growth performance and attenuate the negative effects of lipopolysaccharide challenge in C. argus. The optimal amount of astaxanthin is 100 mg/kg.     

Effect of dietary isoleucine level on growth,protein retention efficiency,haematological parameter,lysozyme activity and serum antioxidant status of fingerling Channa punctatus (Bloch)

Isoleucine requirement of fingerling Channa punctatus (6.74 ± 0.09 g) was estimated by feeding seven trial diets (450 g/kg CP, 14.73 kJ/g DE) containing 3.8, 7.5, 11.3, 15.1, 19.3, 23.2 and 27.4 g/kg of isoleucine for 12 weeks. Growth and haematological parameters increased with the increasing concentrations of dietary isoleucine up to 16 g/kg. Carcass protein and fat increased significantly with the increasing concentrations of dietary isoleucine up to 16 g/kg and then stabilized. Moisture content showed reverse trend to that of carcass fat. Hepatosomatic index was found to be highest at 4 g/kg of dietary isoleucine. Viscerosomatic index and condition factor increased significantly with increasing levels of isoleucine up to 16 g/kg dry diet. Serum protein, lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities were also found to increase significantly up to 16 g/kg dry diet. Significant reduction in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities was observed by increasing concentrations of dietary isoleucine up to 16 g/kg. Based on quadratic regression analysis of absolute weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein retention and isoleucine retention efficiencies against varying concentrations of isoleucine, the optimum isoleucine requirement ranging between 17.95 and 18.39 g/kg dry diet, corresponding to 39.88–40.86 g/kg dietary protein, is recommended for maximizing growth of C. punctatus.     

基于三维重构的乌鳢整皮剥离系统设计与试验

针对乌鳢脂肪层薄、皮肉分离难度大、手工剥取效率低且存在安全隐患等问题,该研究设计了基于三维重构的乌鳢整皮自动剥离系统。针对其头部、鱼身、鱼尾截面变化剧烈,表皮黏滑难以固定、臀鳍坚硬严重干扰剥皮作业等特点,采集并分析其形态特征参数,设计了装夹机构、切割机构、皮肉分离机构及剥皮终端。开发了视觉系统,对待剥皮对象进行三维重建,根据重建结果,通过算法控制、规划各执行机构路径,实现了乌鳢整皮快速、准确剥取。以单台乌鳢整皮剥离机的单尾鱼皮剥离时长、鱼皮剥取率、皮肉分离指数及鱼皮破损率为指标,对样机性能进行分析。试验结果表明：单尾鱼平均剥离时长为183 s,鱼皮剥取率均值为94.6%,皮肉分离指数均值为9.93,鱼皮破损率均值为6.25%,符合整皮剥离工艺要求。该研究结果可为鱼类整皮剥取自动化系统的研发与设计提供参考。     

不同养殖品种池塘化学耗氧量(CODMn) 变化趋势及环境影响因素

为了解养殖池塘水体化学耗氧量的变化特征,于2012 年在佛山市顺德区内4 种不同养殖品种(云斑尖 塘鳢、草鱼、大口黑鲈、乌鳢）池塘采集样品进行分析。结果显示院不同时期4 个品种养殖池塘CODMn含量在3.71~ 50.76 mg/L 之间,其中大口黑鲈、乌鳢两个品种养殖池塘季节的变化有显著差异;云斑尖塘鳢、草鱼池塘的CODMn 含 量没有明显的季节性变化。不同品种养殖池塘CODMn含量从低到高依次为云斑尖塘鳢、大口黑鲈、草鱼、乌鳢。养殖 池塘水体CODMn污染指数（Pi）范围在0.67~8.46 之间,超标率为92.9%。图谱分析结果显示,5~8 月间不同养殖池塘 水体中云斑尖塘鳢、大口黑鲈养殖池塘CODMn有比较相近特征,而草鱼、乌鳢养殖池塘与其他池塘特征相差较大。9~ 12 月间不同养殖池塘水体中CODMn 云斑尖塘鳢、草鱼、大口黑鲈养殖池塘有比较相近特征,而乌鳢养殖池塘与其他 池塘特征相差较大。对CODMn 与14 个水质因子进行相关分析发现,CODMn 与透明度、pH 值及硅酸盐存在负相关关 系,与盐度、电导率、叶绿素、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、氨氮等存在正相关关系,而与溶解氧及非离子铵不相关。