鱼友好型轴流泵流场数值分析与汽蚀性能优化

为了提高鱼友好型设计造成的轴流泵汽蚀性能下降,通过实验对比验证了采用ANSYS CFX数值预测原型泵及鱼友好型泵汽蚀性能的可行性,得到经过鱼友好型设计后,原型泵许用空化余量(性能参数下降3%)数值计算结果由3.5 m增加到9 m,难以满足使用要求。通过分析鱼友好型泵的内部流场特性,揭示了轮毂处涡旋的产生机理以及叶片进口冲角过大的原因,由此设计出抑制涡旋产生、更加符合流动特性的叶片截面翼型,并修正部分设计参数。数值计算结果表明:优化后泵内部流场流动平稳,翼型头部液流过渡良好,没有局部速度增量产生,轮毂侧流动贴合叶片表面,在吸力面也没有产生涡旋,鱼友好型泵的装置许用空化余量预测值降低到3 m左右,完全满足原型泵的使用要求。     

导叶式离心泵内部流动特性数值模拟

采用SST k-ω湍流模型对导叶式单级离心泵内部流场与压力场进行非稳态数值模拟,并进行试验验证。根据数值计算结果分析导叶、蜗壳内非定常压力回收与总压损失、压力脉动等特性。结果表明,数值模拟性能预测结果与试验结果较吻合;由于动静干涉作用影响,导叶与蜗壳内总压损失、静压回收呈现周期性波动,且导叶内总压损失与静压回收都大于蜗壳;导叶内大量漩涡主要由导叶叶片前缘漩涡诱导产生,且逐渐向出口延伸,而蜗壳内漩涡主要由导叶叶片尾缘诱导产生。叶轮中最大压力脉动强度集中于叶轮出口处,导叶与蜗壳中压力脉动强度最大区域分别集中于导叶前缘附近、蜗壳出口。     

双端曲面齿轮式柱塞泵运动特性分析与实验

为解决斜盘式柱塞泵摩擦副的磨损问题,提出了一种新型轴向柱塞泵,用双端曲面齿轮代替了斜盘,用齿轮副代替了摩擦副。利用端曲面齿轮副传动原理建立了单柱塞、六柱塞双端曲面齿轮式柱塞泵的运动特性数学模型,得出了柱塞运动规律。通过ADAMS虚拟样机建立了柱塞泵运动特性仿真模型,验证了新型柱塞泵柱塞运动的可行性。利用LH-050型激光位移传感器对柱塞泵运动特性测试实验台进行了相关测试,通过实验测试结果和理论值对比发现:实验数据与理论计算值吻合较好,误差控制在5%以内,证明了柱塞泵运动特性理论模型的正确性。     

变速流操作调控循环水养殖系统水质效果研究

为了避免循环水养殖排氨高峰期氨氮和亚硝酸盐积累对养殖动物的毒害,提高生产效率,降低成本,提出了一种循环水养殖系统变速流调控技术。实验分别研究了罗非鱼群排氨规律、生物滤池硝化能力与流量关系以及循环率对循环系统水质的影响,设计了变速流参数并进行验证。研究结果表明,罗非鱼群摄食后12 h内4~8 h达到最大排氨速率(0.21~0.23 g/h),其他时间排氨速率为0.08~0.09 g/h;生物滤池的硝化速率基本不受流量的影响,但流量越高出水氨氮和亚硝酸盐质量浓度越低,并且最大氨氧化速率(7.72 g/(m3·h))高于最大亚硝酸盐氧化速率(7.21 g/(m3·h));在实验循环水系统中,375 L/h循环流量下氨氮和亚硝酸盐质量浓度高于750 L/h循环流量下质量浓度,且12 h内峰值超过限制质量浓度。根据以上结果设计的4~8 h内增加循环流量的变速流操作将高峰期氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度分别降至2.03~2.24 mg/L和0.56~0.62 mg/L,低于罗非鱼限制质量浓度,并且变速流易于实现,在提高养殖水质的同时降低成本,为水质调控和低成本循环水养殖技术提供了参考。     

环空淹没射流吸气性能与能量耗散特征研究

淹没条件下喷嘴出口存在外界静压,引射管的截面和入流压力对环空射流过程中的吸气性能和能量耗散都有显著的影响。为能更好地对淹没条件下环空射流喷嘴进行调控,采用数值模拟与试验验证的方法分析了不同截面比和入流压力对喷头吸气量和气液比的影响,并从流场、能量耗散以及涡流强度3方面对这些影响进行了研究。结果表明:低截面比下,随着入流压力的提高,吸气量和气液比都随之提高;高截面比下,随着入流压力的提高,吸气量提高而气液比则先增加后降低,这种工况下气液比存在最大值。随着截面比的提高,吸气量增加而气液比则降低;不同入流压力下低截面比对气液比存在高可控性;不同截面比下高引射流入流压力对气液比存在高可控性。相同的湍动能增量下,不同截面比的湍流耗散率的增量远大于不同入流压力的湍流耗散率增量,能量耗散更大。这些特性与不同入流压力时引射流与槽内水压差以及不同截面时引射流对喷嘴的封闭作用有关。     

Effects of alternative water distribution rules on irrigation system performance: a simulation analysis

Based on a simulation model reflecting physical and economic conditions typically found in rice irrigation systems in Asia, the irrigation performance implications of alternative water distribution rules for dry season irrigation are evaluated under varying degrees of water shortage. The rules examined reflect differing water distribution strategies designed either to maximize conveyance efficiency, economic efficiency, or equity; or to achieve a balance between efficiency and equity objectives. Irrigation performance is evaluated using several efficiency measures reflecting the physical, agronomic and economic productivity of water, and one measure of equity. Economic efficiency and equity among farmers within the portion of the irrigation system that is on in any given season are shown to be complementary, and not competing objectives. Economic efficiency and equity among all farmers within the command area of the irrigation system are largely complementary strategies at the lower levels of water shortage, but with increasing shortage, significant tradeoffs develop between these objectives. An operational rule for water distribution under a goal of maximizing economic efficiency is developed, and the data requirements for its implementation are shown to be modest. Under the model's assumed conditions of dry season rice production dependent solely on surface irrigation for water, the distribution strategy designed to maximize conveyance efficiency results in only modestly lower levels of economic efficiency and equity than could be achieved by the strategy designed to maximize economic efficiency.     

Irrigation timeliness indicators and application in smallholder irrigation systems in Zimbabwe

Timing of supply of irrigation water is an important measure of water management performance. Yet despite this widely accepted importance of timeliness, few studies have attempted to quantify this performance indicator. This paper suggests a methodology for quantifying timeliness. The indices thus generated are used to compare the performance of some types of smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe. Results indicate that applying measures of timeliness helps to assess water management practices across scheme types.The methodology given in this paper differentiates between timely irrigation deliveries which meet Crop Water Requirements (CWR) and surplus water supplies due to poor timeliness which cannot be used by the crop, hence denoting wastage. The timeliness indices provide more information regarding management practices than simple measures of total water applications over a given season.     

液压悬挂试验的加载误差及其补偿

通过对下支点固定式油缸加载工况下拖拉机液压悬挂装置的受力分析，推导出这种国内外常用试验台设计方案的加载误差，并给出试验数据的修正方法以补偿该项误差的影响。     

新型柱塞泵设计研究

分析了径向柱塞泵和轴向柱塞泵压力及流量产生脉动的原因，提出了设计具有较优工作性能柱塞泵的方法，并给出了具体设计方案。     

基于滑移网格技术的揉碎机内流场研究

为研究揉碎机揉碎腔内的流场结构和流动状态,运用计算流体力学方法,基于滑移网格技术,对揉碎机空载时腔内的湍流非定常流场进行了三维瞬态数值模拟,得到了转速为2 800r/min时,揉碎机转子转动1周时间内,揉碎室和抛送室的流场空气动力学特性参数随时间变化规律,准确地反映了瞬态流场结构信息。结果表明:低压区在抛送室中半径为0~20mm附近,最高压力区在抛送叶片与内壁间隙,容易形成回流造成物料排出不易;启动阶段最大速度发生在出料口内侧尖角区域;轴向压力速度分布过于均匀,进而影响整机效率。此研究为揉碎机内部流场结构优化提供了新方法,提出了改进该机型的方向,为优化该机效率奠定了理论基础。