Leaf-fall phenology along a topography-mediated environmental gradient in a cool–temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in Japan

Leaf-fall phenology was studied in a cool–temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest in central Japan in relation to the topographic environmental gradients that occur along a short mountain slope. Leaf-fall phenology was described quantitatively using data from leaf litter collected along the slope. In autumn, leaf fall at the study site tended to occur slightly earlier on the upper slope than on the lower slope. This pattern was found at both the stand and the species levels. Our results suggest that leaf-fall phenology may be affected by difference in microclimatic conditions, because environmental conditions are thought to be more severe on the upper slope than on the lower slope. The less intensive methods used in this study, the litter trap method, and Dixon’s model succeeded in quantifying the phenological patterns of leaf fall within stands and within species along the short mountain slope.     

干热河谷冲沟侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长和土壤水分关系研究

金沙江干热河谷区冲沟侵蚀极为发育,形成大量侵蚀劣地,对该区域侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长特征和土壤水分状况进行了调查分析。结果表明,1)侵蚀劣地不同坡位草被生长差异较大,草被盖度和地上生物量大小均表现为:坡上部坡中部坡下部,且坡下部与坡上部和坡中部之间草被生长状况存在极显著差异(P0.01);2)同等降雨状况下,不同坡位土壤水分含量随时间延长均呈现指数递减趋势,但其衰减速率不同,导致土壤水分含量存在差异,衰减速率表现为:坡上部坡中部坡下部,土壤水分含量表现为相反顺序;3)监测时段内土壤水分(土壤平均含水量和末次土壤含水量)与草被覆盖度和生物量之间均呈现极显著正相关关系(P0.01),说明侵蚀劣地不同坡位下土壤水分差异是决定草被生长差异的关键因素。     

不同坡位香椿人工林生长和林分结构差异

研究香椿人工林在不同坡位的生长差异,为香椿人工林的培育生产提供参考。以32~39年生香椿人工林为对象,按照不同坡位（上、中、下）设置样地,测定样地内的香椿生长指标;使用Weibull函数对不同坡位林分直径分布结构进行分析;通过林木分级统计并分析各样地林分特征;解析不同坡位香椿人工林的生长过程。结果表明,试验区香椿人工林呈中高度郁闭,下坡位香椿平均树高为13.71 m,胸径为21.32 cm,南北冠幅为5.29 m,均显著最高,而上坡对应各生长指标显著最低。不同坡位香椿人工林径阶分布的Weibull模型拟合效果为下坡＞上坡＞中坡,拟合形状参数c均在1.0~3.6,为单峰左偏状分布,c_下坡＞c_上坡＞c_中坡,下坡趋向于竞争期更稳定的自然稀疏后期。下坡林分林木分级集中在Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,占81.48%,而上坡Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级林木占比分别为19.23%、21.79%、37.18%、20.51%,并存有少量Ⅴ级木,林木分级分布相对分散。解析香椿人工林生长过程显示,胸径、树高、材积总生长量均为下坡＞中坡＞下坡。试验区下坡的香椿人工林树高、胸径及冠幅均有生长优势。全试验区林分径阶分布呈单峰左偏状分布,下坡林分趋向于更稳定的自然稀疏后期,且林木分级多集中于Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,胸径、树高、材积总生长量最高。     

Evaluation of laryngeal function under the influence of various head and neck positions during exercise in 58 performance horses

The objective of this study was to examine laryngeal function at rest and during ridden exercise and to further analyse the impact of different head and neck positions on the laryngeal function in ridden sport horses. Fifty‐eight Warmblood horses were examined endoscopically during ridden exercise as well as during quiet breathing at rest before and after sedation. Four different head‐neck positions (unrestrained, reference, elevation and hyperflexion) were assessed during the exercise test. Laryngeal function was graded at rest and for every combination of gait and head and neck position during exercise. There was a significant correlation between the grade of laryngeal function during exercise and at rest both before (correlation coefficient = 0.794) and after (correlation coefficient = 0.741) sedation (P<0.01). No significant association was found between the grade of laryngeal function during exercise and the different head and neck positions.     

拖拉机冷却系统效率影响因素分析

研究了拖拉机冷却系统效率的影响因素,为提高整机冷却系统效率提供技术支持。     

不同变黄时间对烟叶叶绿素及其主要化学成分含量的影响

以云烟87为试材,探讨了在烘烤过程中,不同变黄时间对烟叶叶绿素及其主要化学成分含量的影响。结果表明,延长变黄时间12 h 后,烟叶的总糖、还原糖、总氮、烟碱含量适宜,钾氯比值最高,化学成分最协调,工业可用性较好,综合经济效益最优。     

Carbon source and trophic position of pelagic fish in coastal waters of south-eastern Izu Peninsula,Japan, identified by stable isotope analysis

ABSTRACT:   It is important to clarify trophic dynamics in marine ecosystems for management of the fishing ground. Organic carbon sources and trophic position of pelagic fishes in the coastal waters of the south-eastern Izu Peninsula, Japan, were examined on the basis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope distributions. The δ¹³C of the fishes was mostly distributed from −19 to −16‰ for nektonic fishes (13 species of adults and immatures) and planktonic fishes (10 species of larvae and juveniles), close to the δ¹³C values of particulate organic matter and planktonic decapods. These δ¹³C signatures for the inhabitants of the water column were in contrast with the high δ¹³C values (mainly −16 to −13‰) for demersal fishes of Scorpaeniformes and benthic polychaetes collected in the surf zone. These results indicate that nektonic and planktonic fishes depend on phytoplankton for carbon supply. The δ¹⁵N signatures suggest that the trophic position ranged 3.1–4.5 for the nektonic fishes and 2.9–3.7 for the planktonic fishes, premised on trophic level 3 for larval Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus . Thus, planktivorous fishes should be mainly assigned to trophic levels 3 and 4 in this area.     

多因素影响下的喀斯特山区坡耕地分布特征——以贵阳市花溪区为例

为研究喀斯特山区坡耕地在岩性、土壤类型、坡位和居民点影响下的分布特征,为区域水土流失治理提供参考,以贵州省贵阳市花溪区为研究对象,结合花溪区高清影像图、高程图(DEM)、地质图和土壤类型图为主要数据源,利用ArcGIS 10.2平台,基于其空间叠加分析、数理统计等功能,对多因子影响下的喀斯特山区坡耕地分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:花溪区坡耕地面积占全区总面积的21.07%,占全区耕地面积的63.85%,是花溪区主要耕地类型; 在各岩组上,坡耕地的分布面积从大到小依次为:石灰岩组>白云岩组>普通砂页岩组>紫色砂页岩组,其中在普通砂页岩组和石灰岩组上分布较为集中连片,在白云岩组和紫色砂页岩组上分布较为零散; 坡耕地的各土壤类型面积依次表现为:水稻土>黄壤>石灰土>紫色土>潮土,其中黄壤最为集中连片,水稻土则较为分散; 不同坡位区域中,坡耕地面积依次表现为; 下坡位>中坡位>上坡位,其中在下坡位区域分布最为集中连片,上坡位区域分布最为零散; 同时坡耕地和居民点在空间分布上具有显著相关性,距离居民点越远,坡耕地分布越稀疏。综上所述,在多种因素共同作用下,花溪区坡耕地呈现出“西部多东部少”的空间格局,其中普通砂页岩组和石灰岩组上的坡耕地连片区可优先考虑进行治理。     

不同结果部位对栖霞大香水梨果实香气的影响

以套袋和不套袋栖霞大香水梨为试材,采用固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GCMS)技术,研究了不同结果部位对梨果实香气的影响。结果表明,不同结果部位果实香气物质种类和含量存在显著差异,套袋树外围东部果实香气物质种类最多,为35种,含量最高,为4 076.01 ng/g,外围北侧香气物质种类最少,为24种,内膛下部果实香气物质含量最低,为421.22 ng/g。不套袋树外围南面的果实香气物质种类最多,为42种,含量最高,为10 001.14 ng/g,外围北面果实的香气物质种类最少、含量最低,分别为24种和357.08 ng/g。     

深化科企合作 提升山东种业创新能力

文章总结了山东种业科技发展的现状,分析了商业化育种过渡期内实行科企合作的必然性,剖析了深化科企合作面临的困境,如政策支持不配套、商业化育种机制不完善、缺乏完善的种业科研成果评估体系和交易平台、现有科企合作模式不能满足现代种业发展需要等,针对问题从完善法律法规、完善商业化育种机制、加大支持力度、创新合作模式等角度提出了深化科企合作的发展对策,以期为促进山东种业快速发展提供参考。