Annual carbon and nitrogen loadings for a furrow-irrigated field

Evaluations of agricultural management practices for soil C sequestration have largely focused on practices, such as reduced tillage or compost/manure applications, that minimize soil respiration and/or maximize C input, thereby enhancing soil C stabilization. Other management practices that impact carbon cycling in agricultural systems, such as irrigation, are much less understood. As part of a larger C sequestration project that focused on potential of C sequestration for standard and minimum tillage systems of irrigated crops, the effects of furrow irrigation on the field C and N loading were evaluated. Experiments were conducted on a laser-leveled 30 ha grower's field in the Sacramento valley near Winters, CA. For the 2005 calendar year, water inflow and runoff was measured for all rainfall and irrigation events. Samples were analyzed for C and N associated with both sediment and dissolved fractions. Total C and N loads in the sediment were always higher in the incoming irrigation water than field runoff. Winter storms moved little sediment, but removed substantial amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), or about one-third of the total C balance. Despite high DOC loads in runoff, the large volumes of applied irrigation water with sediment and DOC resulted in a net increase in total C for most irrigation events. The combined net C input and N loss to the field, as computed from the field water balance, was 30.8 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and 5.4 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for the 2005 calendar year. It is concluded that transport of C and N by irrigation and runoff water should be considered when estimating the annual C field balance and sequestration potential of irrigated agro-ecosystems.     

作物植硅体形态的应用及其封存有机碳研究进展

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在维系生命的生长发育和环境的动态平衡等方面起着至关重要的作用,在其生长发育和环境演变的过程中储存大量的环境变化信息,能够反映古农业的发展变迁。植硅体是一种长期稳定存在于土壤中的非晶质二氧化硅颗粒物,它可以指示气候变化。近年来,植硅体分析主要应用在农业考古、古气候重建、生物地球化学循环和全球碳汇潜力估算的研究中。世界上作物分布广泛,作物栽培历史悠久,研究作物植硅体与植硅体碳,对探讨农业起源与发展,估算农田生态系统植硅体碳汇潜力,应对全球气候变化具有重要意义。本文在查阅国内外与作物植硅体研究相关文献的基础上,综述了作物植硅体的形态研究、植硅体在考古学中的应用、作物植硅体碳含量与分布、碳汇潜力以及植硅体碳汇在全球碳汇中的贡献,阐明了作物植硅体未来的研究方向。1）不同作物产生的植硅体形态不同,而且对作物植硅体形态的研究较多处于优势的禾本科中,其他作物的研究较少;2）作物植硅体碳含量与其本身的固碳能力和效率有关,不完全由植硅体含量的多少决定,此外,植硅体碳含量的多少也可能受生长环境和植物基因型的影响;3）不同生态系统中气候、地表植被、土壤环境等诸多因素直接或间接地影响区域植硅体的碳汇潜力;4）农田生态系统不同作物植硅体碳汇存在显著差异,施加硅肥或硅-磷复合肥、种植高植硅体含量和高植硅体碳含量的作物等均可显著提高农田生态系统碳汇潜力。今后应进一步研究不同作物植硅体碳汇,以帮助识别过去的农业碳汇,评估当前农业碳汇潜力;加强植物、根系、土壤迁移规律的探讨,进一步分析不同作物植硅体积累与碳汇效应;阐明不同植物吸硅机制、植物根系硅化过程与其植硅体含量、植硅体碳含量间的关系;了解西南喀斯特生态脆弱区农业碳汇潜力,以期为作物科学种植、农田生态系统碳汇估算等提供参考。     

不同库容量常规籼稻品种物质生产与分配的基本特征

 在群体水培条件下,以国内外不同年代育成的常规籼稻代表品种（2001年为88个、2002年为122个）为材料,测定干物质量（包括根系）、产量及其构成因素等,采用组内最小平方和动态聚类方法将供试品种按库容量从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6类,研究了各类品种物质生产与分配的基本特点。结果表明： 1）供试品种间库容量的差异很大,库容量最大的品种是最小品种的426倍(2001)和818倍（2002）。A、B、C、D、E、F类品种的平均库容量,2001年分别为42637、64253、77096、90373、106432、121390 g/m2,2002年分别为35936、57411、76498、96243、120011、145559 g/m2; 2）大库容类型品种生物产量、抽穗前干物质生产量、结实期干物质生产量显著大于小库容类型品种; 3）大库容类型品种成熟期分配到根系、茎鞘叶中的干物质比例较小,分配到穗中的干物质比例较大,经济系数较高;4）大库容类型品种抽穗期单位干物质库容量较大,结实期单位干物质库容量较小;5）从品种演变角度来看,生物产量对库容量的影响大于经济系数,抽穗期干物质生产量、抽穗期干物质形成库容的效率对库容量的作用大于结实期同类指标。     

不同氮肥用量下镁对大豆碳氮代谢的影响

试验采用框栽法,在N50kg/hm2,N75kg/hm2两个水平下施用MgO15kg/hm2,测定了大豆叶片可溶性蛋白、含氮量、可溶性糖、淀粉、植株酰脲以及产量和籽粒蛋白含量.结果表明,与N50相比,N50 Mg的产量增加了12.95%,但差异不显著;与N75相比,N75 Mg的各指标在各时期都有所增加,并达到了差异显著水平.其中可溶性蛋白含量在V4和R2期分别增加了68.04%和52.07%;酰脲含量在R2、R4、R6期分别增加了75.47%、21.04%和46.39%;淀粉含量在R4、R6期分别增加了59.34%和99.02%;产量和籽粒蛋白含量分别增加了28.67%和3.43%.与N50相比,N75的可溶性蛋白含量在V4、R2、R4期分别增加了36.67%、65.90%和19.70%,但酰脲含量在生殖生长期降低,淀粉含量在R4、R6期分别降低了22.34%和18.21%;而N75 Mg的酰脲含量比N50在R2、R4、R6期分别增加了59.81%、8.47%和25.67%,淀粉含量在R4、R6期也分别增加了23.60%和62.78%,差异显著,产量和籽粒蛋白含量各增加了34.38%,2.93%,均达到了5%的显著水平.这些结果表明,在较高氮肥用量下施用适量的镁可协调碳氮代谢平衡,促进光合产物向碳氮方向合理分配,实现优质高产.     

Comparing denitrification rates and carbon sources in commercial scale upflow denitrification biological filters in aquaculture

Aerobic biological filtration systems employing nitrifying bacteria to remediate excess ammonia and nitrite concentrations are common components of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). However, significant water exchange may still be necessary to reduce nitrate concentrations to acceptable levels unless denitrification systems are included in the RAS design. This study evaluated the design of a full scale denitrification reactor in a commercial culture RAS application. Four carbon sources were evaluated including methanol, acetic acid, molasses and Cerelose™, a hydrolyzed starch, to determine their applicability under commercial culture conditions and to determine if any of these carbon sources encouraged the production of two common “off-flavor” compounds, 2-methyisoborneol (MIB) or geosmin. The denitrification design consisted of a 1.89 m³ covered conical bottom polyethylene tank containing 1.0 m³ media through which water up-flowed at a rate of 10 lpm. A commercial aquaculture system housing 6 metric tonnes of Siberian sturgeon was used to generate nitrate through nitrification in a moving bed biological filter. All four carbon sources were able to effectively reduce nitrate to near zero concentrations from influent concentrations ranging from 11 to 57 mg/l NO₃–N, and the maximum daily denitrification rate was 670–680 g nitrogen removed/m³ media/day, regardless of the carbon source. Although nitrite production was not a problem once the reactors achieved a constant effluent nitrate, ammonia production was a significant problem for units fed molasses and to a less extent Cerelose™. Maximum measured ammonia concentrations in the reactor effluents for methanol, vinegar, Cerelose™ and molasses were 1.62 ± 0.10, 2.83 ± 0.17, 4.55 ± 0.45 and 5.25 ± 1.26 mg/l NH₃–N, respectively. Turbidity production was significantly increased in reactors fed molasses and to a less extent Cerelose™. Concentrations of geosmin and MIB were not significantly increased in any of the denitrification reactors, regardless of carbon source. Because of its very low cost compared to the other sources tested, molasses may be an attractive carbon source for denitrification if issues of ammonia production, turbidity and foaming can be resolved.     

基于交叉DEA的长江经济带农用地利用碳排放效率及影响因素研究

为了优化长江经济带农用地结构、提升农用地利用效率,本文利用数据包络分析法评估了长江经济带2013—2017年农用地利用碳排放效率。结果表明,5年间长江经济带11个省（市）的农用地利用碳排放效率整体偏低,区域农用地利用平均效率不足0.7。通过对比2017年不考虑碳排放影响下的农用地利用效率结果得出,碳排放会对农用地利用效率有一定程度的负面影响。Tobit回归分析发现,对区域农用地利用碳排放效率具有显著影响的因素是年均气温、耕地面积以及农村居民人均收入。因此,探讨碳排放影响下的农用地利用效率及其影响因素对优化农业土地结构和资源可持续利用有重要作用。     

变厚度碳纤维复合材料孔隙率超声衰减模型

根据超声波透射法检测原理,在一定的假设基础上,针对层数不同的层板碳纤维复合材料,建立了孔隙率与材料层数、超声衰减量的关系模型,利用5组不同层数样本试块的孔隙率和超声衰减量的试验数据,给出了基于模型的孔隙率拟合公式。分析和试验结果表明,拟合公式具有一定的精度,满足工程检测的要求。该模型可用于检测同批次下不同层数复合材料的孔隙率,且不需要制备大量的试验样本,既方便快捷又节约成本。在此基础上,对模型进行了修正,建立了变厚度层板复合材料孔隙率与材料厚度、超声衰减的关系模型,并对模型进行了讨论,该模型适合于大曲率半径结构件。     

Injection of pig slurry and its effects on dynamics of nitrogen and carbon in a loamy soil unter laboratory conditions

Dynamics of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) were investigated in a loamy soil amended or injected with pig slurry. Treatments were with or without acetylene C₂H₂ (which is assumed to inhibit reduction of nitrous oxide (N₂O) to dinitrogen (N₂), and soil cores were conditioned for 15 days at 25°C while pH, production of CO₂ and N₂O, ammonia (NH₃) emission and (nitrate) (NO₃ ^–) and (ammonium) (NH₄ ⁺) concentrations were monitored. There was no significant difference in CO₂ production between the injected and surface applied pig slurry treatments, and within 15 days ca. 5% of the C applied had been mineralized, if no priming effect was assumed. Neither the production of N₂O nor the total gaseous production of the denitrification process (N₂O plus N₂) were affected by the way the pig slurry was added to the soil. NH₃ volatilization, however, decreased by 90% when pig slurry was injected. The addition of C₂H₂ significantly increased the CO₂ production and the concentration of NH₄ ⁺, but significantly decreased the concentration of NO₃ ^–. It was concluded that the injection of pig slurry to a dry soil was an acceptable alternative to its application to the soil surface, as not only was NH₃ volatilization reduced, but the production of N₂O and N₂ through denitrification was not stimulated. It is also suggested that the composition of the organic C fraction in the pig slurry, most likely the concentration of fatty acids, had an important effect on the dynamics of N and C in the soil. Received: 12 May 1997     

Relationships of soil respiration to microbial biomass, substrate availability and clay content

The roles of microbial biomass (MBC) and substrate supply as well as their interaction with clay content in determining soil respiration rate were studied using a range of soils with contrasting properties. Total organic C (TOC), water-soluble organic carbon, 0.5 M K₂SO₄-extractable organic C and 33.3 mM KMnO₄-oxidisable organic carbon were determined as C availability indices. For air-dried soils, these indices showed close relationship with flush of CO₂ production following rewetting of the soils. In comparison, MBC determined with the chloroform fumigation-extraction technique had relatively weaker correlation with soil respiration rate. After 7 d pre-incubation, soil respiration was still closely correlated with the C availability indices in the pre-incubated soils, but poorly correlated with MBC determined with three different techniques—chloroform fumigation extraction, substrate-induced respiration, and chloroform fumigation-incubation methods. Results of multiple regression analyses, together with the above observations, suggested that soil respiration under favourable temperature and moisture conditions was principally determined by substrate supply rather than by the pool size of MBC. The specific respiratory activity of microorganisms (CO₂-C/MBC) following rewetting of air-dried soils or after 7 d pre-incubation was positively correlated with substrate availability, but negatively correlated with microbial pool size. Clay content had no significant effect on CO₂ production rate, relative C mineralization rate (CO₂-C/TOC) and specific respiratory activity of MBC during the first week incubation of rewetted dry soils. However, significant protective effect of clay on C mineralization was shown for the pre-incubated soils. These results suggested that the protective effect of clay on soil organic matter decomposition became significant as the substrate supply and microbial demand approached to an equilibrium state. Thereafter, soil respiration would be dependent on the replenishment of the labile substrate from the bulk organic C pool.