县南沟流域种植业生态价值的测算与分析——基于碳汇视角

基于碳汇视角,用实地测量和农户调研数据测算了县南沟流域种植业的净碳汇量及其价值,以此表征种植业可实现的生态价值。结果表明:2001—2014年,种植业的生态价值总体上呈稳步递增趋势,由2001年的35.34万元增至2014年的901.71万元;种植业价值的演变过程可分为三个阶段,第一阶段（2001—2004年）,经济作物 > 粮食作物 > 苹果园;第二阶段（2005—2010年）,经济作物 > 苹果园 > 粮食作物;第三阶段（2011年至今）,苹果园 > 经济作物 > 粮食作物;苹果园、粮食作物、经济作物生态价值占生态经济总价值比例的均值分别为58.22%,31.19%,3.60%,突显了生态价值的重要作用,为此在农业生产中,应综合考虑生态价值和经济价值来优化种植结构,发展低碳农业。     

循环水养鳗系统生物过滤器中微生物群落的代谢特性

为了研究鳗鱼循环水养殖系统不同水处理单元的微生物群落碳代谢特征,实验采用Biolog Eco技术,分析了流化床两个槽和滴流式生物过滤器上、中、下三层的生物膜微生物群落功能多样性。结果显示,流化床两个槽和滴流式生物过滤器中、下层微生物多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数）无显著差异（P>0.05）,但均显著高于滴流式生物过滤器上层（P<0.05）。平均色度变化（AWCD）与主成分分析（PCA）均证明滴流式生物过滤器上层与其它采样点微生物代谢差异较大。各采样点微生物未对ECO板某一大类碳源表现出偏好,但对衣康酸、D-半乳糖醛酸、L-精氨酸、L-天门冬酰胺、L-丝氨酸、D-甘露醇、D-木糖、N-乙酰-D-葡萄糖氨、吐温40、吐温80、苯乙胺等单一碳源利用较好;而对γ-羟丁酸和α-丁酮酸以及D,L-α-磷酸甘油和1-磷酸葡萄糖利用较差。某些碳源种类如D-葡糖胺酸、α-D-乳糖、2-羟基苯甲酸仅能被部分采样点的微生物利用。本实验利用Biolog EcoPlateTM技术研究中试规模循环水处理单元微生物群落代谢特征,研究结果为生物过滤器的调控提供了一种新的思路即可以通过碳源调节,来促进生物膜微生物群落结构的改变以此提高水处理效率。     

二硫化碳火焰光度气相色谱法的测定研究

使用100 mL全玻璃注射器采集CS2气体,注入HC-6型微量硫气相色谱分析仪,经GDX-104色谱柱分离,应用火焰光度检测器检测。测量的线性检测范围为0.0005~0.855 mg/m3,线性方程为Y=32.67869+1.69828X(r=0.99968),相对标准偏差为2.53%~4.98%,最低检出限为0.0005 mg/m3。     

果园生态系统碳循环规律研究进展

系统阐述了近10余年来果园生态系统碳循环规律的相关研究,得出以下结论:土壤是果园生态系统最大的碳库,碳储量占总体的70%以上;果园生态系统碳输入量大于碳输出量,是碳汇;经营管理措施对碳吸存影响较大,通过增施有机肥、生草、覆盖以及免耕等经营措施不但可以增加系统碳汇,减少碳排放,还可以提高果园土壤肥力。     

Modelling water uptake,growth and sucrose accumulation of sugarcane subjected to water stress

Water stress affects the rate of water uptake, biomass accumulation and structural growth of sugarcane differently and, consequently, alters the partitioning of assimilate to sucrose storage. The CANEGRO sugarcane model is unable to accurately simulate the subtle rate changes in the source and sink processes during the progression of water stress during dry spells, with subsequent poor prediction of sucrose yields. The aim of this study was to test eight different water balance models by comparing simulated and experimentally determined rates of water uptake (WU), carbon assimilation (CAR), plant extension (PER) and sucrose accumulation (SA).     

Faba bean breeding for drought-affected environments: A physiological and agronomic perspective

The faba bean (Vicia faba L.) crop often experiences drought during its growth and development such that soil moisture deficits constrain its production. As droughts are predicted to increase in both frequency and intensity due to climate change, a better understanding of drought response patterns and associated traits is essential for obtaining yield stability in water-limited environments. This review deals with adaptation mechanisms associated with drought avoidance, escape and tolerance, with an emphasis on physiological traits such as stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and leaf temperature. Leaf temperature is considered an effective surrogate measure for other measures of stomatal characteristics. Drought tolerance through osmotic adjustment has not yet been demonstrated in faba bean although it is found in many other legumes including chickpea and pea. Deeper root growth, leading to uptake of otherwise unavailable water, helps the plant to avoid drought by delaying dehydration, but genetic variation and heritability of the trait are essentially unknown for faba bean. Crop management strategies, such as early planting, and appropriate phenology, are particularly important for drought escape in regions where terminal drought is common. Disease resistance is especially important in drought-prone areas to reduce the need for expensive control measures when yields are uncertain. The relevance of soil fertility status and nutrient availability are also covered. Drought escape and ascochyta blight resistance are important breeding objectives for terminal drought regions. Some form of drought resistance is necessary for the transient droughts experienced in most regions, and drought avoidance can be screened by a combination of leaf temperature or other rapid test of stomatal characteristics followed by carbon isotope discrimination in the most valuable materials. No single trait is adequate to improve yield in drought-prone environments, rather, a combination of characteristics is needed.     

Fruit set is inversely related to flower and fruit weight in olive (Olea europaea L.)

Fruit weight is strongly correlated to ovary weight in olive as big-fruited cultivars have larger ovaries and flowers at bloom. We tested the hypothesis that larger ovaries imply stronger sinks and therefore reduce fruit set, expressed as number of fruits. Flower/fruit load per centimeter of shoot was assessed every month from flowering to harvest, on sample shoots of many different olive cultivars differing in fruit size. Data were taken for two years: 2007 and 2008. Additionally, in 2008, a fruit thinning experiment was carried out by leaving a single fruit per shoot, to assess the maximum potential fruit weight achievable by each cultivar. Results indicated that fruit size was mostly genetically determined as thinned fruits of small-fruited cultivars, although bigger than control fruits, never got as big as fruits from large-fruited cultivars, confirming that large ovaries are a prerequisite for large fruits. Among all cultivars, the number of flowers per inflorescence, the number of inflorescences, and the number of flowers per centimeter of shoot were not correlated to average flower weight while total flower mass per centimeter of shoot was positively correlated to average flower weight (i.e. large flowered/fruited cultivars had greater total flower mass). However, one month after bloom and thereafter, all parameters were negatively and exponentially correlated with fruit average weight across cultivars, except fruit mass per centimeter of shoot which was generally not correlated to fruit average weight, except in one year, at harvest, when fruit mass per centimeter of shoot was positively correlated to fruit average weight. These results suggest that fruit set is a consequence of, and inversely proportional to flower/fruit size in olive.     

桦树桑黄液体发酵培养基优化研究

研究了桦树桑黄液体发酵培养基中不同营养成分对桦树桑黄菌丝生长的影响。采用L9(34)正交设计法对桦树桑黄发酵培养基进行了优化,初步筛选出了桦树桑黄液体发酵的培养基。结果表明,优化培养基为玉米粉1%、麦麸1%、葡萄糖2%、蛋白胨0.5%、酵母膏0.5%、磷酸二氢钾0.1%、硫酸镁0.05%、维生素B1 1 mg.100-1.mL-1。     

建筑污染源的源作用与汇效应特征数值分析

基于室内建筑污染的源作用与汇效应机理,并结合数值方法分析了源作用与汇效应在室内空气环境所对应的实际边界条件下的特征,所选择的反映实际边界条件的因素包括入室新风品质、新风量大小、室内温度水平以及汇与源作用面积比.研究结果表明,入室新风品质降低和新风量增大对材料散发强度与汇效应作用强度具有相反影响,但前者会使室内挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）平均浓度水平增大而后者会使其减小;同时,室内温度水平对材料散发强度和室内VOCs平均浓度水平的影响以及汇与源作用面积比对汇效应作用强度和室内VOCs平均浓度水平的影响具有同向性.此外,根据已建立的源散发模型和汇效应模型再结合实际边界条件是获取室内建筑污染源作用与汇效应特征的有效方法.