Effect of high rates of zinc on several crops grown on an irrigated plainfield sand

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to determine whether Zn applied for pathogen control could accumulate to a level which would be toxic to snapbeans, cucumbers, or corn. Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) was applied at rates varying from 0 to 363 kg Zn/ha on a Flainfield loamy sand to approximate 3, 9, 27 and 81 years of fungicidal treatment.

Even at the high rate of Zn, yields of snapbeans, cucumbers, or corn generally were not reduced. As rates of applied Zn increased, there was a corresponding increase in the level of Zn in the leaf tissue of all crops grown. At the high Zn rate, snapbean and cucumber leaf tissue accumulated over 350 ppm Zn. Available soil Zn was extracted with 0.1N HCl, EDTA, or DTPA. Highly significant correlations were observed between the Zn removed by each extractant and plant tissue Zn, thus, indicating that the various extractants were equally effective in predicting Zn uptake.

Very little downward movement of Zn was observed. Two and one‐half years after application, the Zn had leached to a depth of only 30 cm in the soil profile at the higher Zn rates.

These data indicate that application of Zn‐containing fungicides and bactericides should not cause a Zn toxicity problem on the Plainfield sand in the foreseeable future.     

砂地柏化学成分及生物活性研究进展

对砂地柏(S abina vu lg aris A n t.)化学成分及其生物活性进行了较为全面的综述,重点总结、分析了该植物富含的萜烯类和鬼臼毒素类化合物的抗癌活性和杀虫活性的研究进展,并提出了进一步深入开展砂地柏杀虫作用研究和开发利用的思路及设想。     

不同菜豆品种4种抗营养因子水平差异分析

菜豆中植物凝集素、皂苷、胰蛋白酶抑制剂和植酸等抗营养因子是引起菜豆食物中毒的内源物。以56份食荚菜豆品种为材料,测定了鲜荚中4种抗营养因子含量或活性。结果表明,供试菜豆品种群体4种抗营养因子水平均存在极显著差异。植物凝集素含量(均值为1.743 mg·g~(-1))和胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性(均值为1.680 mg·g~(-1))变异系数均在100%以上,品种频率分布曲线主峰明显,但在极高和极低区域均有品种间断分布,出现了品种水平的数量等级差异;皂苷含量(均值为3.730 mg·g~(-1))和植酸含量(均值为3.102 mg·g~(-1))变异系数均低于41%,品种频率分布曲线呈近正态分布,主峰明显,双尾有低频率连续分布。相关分析表明,植物凝集素含量与胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性呈极显著正相关。聚类分析将供试56份菜豆品种划分为3个品种群,近80%品种聚于抗营养因子中等水平品种群,近12%品种居于较低水平。由于菜豆植物凝集素是食用致毒性的主要内源物,同时其和胰蛋白酶抑制剂等均与菜豆田间抗病虫性密切相关,预示着筛选出极低水平植物凝集素的菜豆品种是可行的,但同时可能会降低其田间抗病虫性。     

湿地外来植物香菇草(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)入侵风险研究

通过对香菇草(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)形态特征、生长习性以及繁殖特点的研究以揭示其入侵风险.结果表明:1)香菇草适应性强,具有表型可塑性,能适应水生到旱生、强光到隐蔽等多种生境,并具有较好的耐受性,从而能占据更宽的生态幅;2)侵占力强,能形成比较高密度的植株丛成片生长,地下部分由根茎和大量的不定根密集网状交错,在地上、地下高密度占领生境从而排挤其他植物,降低群落物种多样性;3)繁殖速度快,可营养繁殖和种子繁殖,以根茎营养繁殖为主,自然生长的香菇草个体1年繁殖倍数达到50倍以上;4)根除难度大,根茎的片断残留仍然可生长成新的植株再次快速繁殖扩大;5)根据香菇草的生长习性,其适生区域的气候特征指标为:日平均温度稳定≥10℃天数多于180 d,最冷月(1月)平均温度高于-5℃,年极端最低气温不低于-10℃;结合我国的气候数据,预测划分香菇草的适生范围包括:中国北亚热带湿润区、中亚热带湿润区、南亚热带湿润区、边缘热带湿润区、中热带湿润区、赤道热带湿润区和中国高原亚热带地区;6)采用外来物种入侵风险指数评估体系分析香菇草的入侵风险表明,其入侵风险指数可确定得分为71分,其中“繁殖和扩散特性”项目得39分.说明香菇草入侵风险程度极高,属于“不可引入物种”.最后提出了香菇草入侵风险管理建议.     

银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病临床疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的 系统评价银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的临床疗效和安全性。方法 检索数据库包括：PubMed、Embase、Cochrane图书馆、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、维普、万方数据库等,关键词采用"疗效"银屑胶囊"和"银屑病",定年限为2000年1月至2018年12月,由两位研究者按照纳入排除标准独立筛选文献,进行文献质量评估和数据提取,结果采用Rev Man 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入7篇文献,共涉及660例患者。Meta分析结果显示,在有效性方面,银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的临床疗效优于单用阿维A胶囊,其60 d治愈率和60 d有效率的OR值分别为：2.21（95% CI：1.53~3.17）和2.66（95% CI：1.86~3.79）;在PASI评分方面,银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的PASI评分低于单用阿维A胶囊（SMD=-0.93,95% CI：-1.23~-0.62）;在血清炎症因子指标方面,银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的血清炎症因子IL-4、IL-10水平均高于单用阿维A胶囊：IL-4（SMD=0.83,95% CI：0.01,1.66）,IL-10（SMD=0.56,95% CI：0.28,0.84）;在安全性方面,除了鼻出血外,银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病的眼干、皮肤干燥、毛囊炎、转氨酶升高、高脂血症等不良反应发生率均显著低于单用阿维A胶囊的情况。结论 银屑胶囊联合阿维A胶囊治疗寻常性银屑病安全有效,然而,确切结论有待于更多的高质量、多中心、大规模的随机对照研究证实。     

旱作菜豆品种比较

[目的]选择适合干旱、半干旱地区栽培的菜豆品种。[方法]在我国水方典型的旱作农业区阳曲县进行7个菜豆品种的旱作栽培试验。[结果]特优特架豆、超级无筋与新欣一尺青圆龙植株较为粗壮;爱丰、精选架豆王、超长四季豆生长速度较快;爱丰功能叶的蒸腾速率最低。天马95-33架豆王产量显著高于其他品种,单产达36.33t/hm2,为爱丰产量的1.39倍、新欣一尺青圆龙产量的1.9倍;爱丰单产次之,为26.07t/hm2,是新欣一尺青圆龙产量的1.37倍。[结论]天马95-33架豆王与爱丰产量较高,蛋白质含量较高,适于在试验区及周边地区进行推广栽培。     

普通小球藻八氢番茄红素合成酶基因psy的cDNA克隆及生物信息学分析

通过RACE-PCR首次克隆获得了普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)中八氢番茄红素合成酶编码基因psy 的cDNA全长序列.该序列全长1 605 bp,包括1 245 bp开放阅读框,编码415个氨基酸.氨基酸序列对比及系统发生分析表明其与其他物种的PSY蛋白具有同源性,与绿藻聚为一支,与小球藻(Chlorella variabilis)、原壳小球藻(Auxenochlorella protothecoides)和佐夫色绿藻(Chromnochloris zofingiensis的遗传距离最近(分别为0.173、0.188和0.239),并具有较高的相似性(81％ ～ 84％)和一致性(69％ ～ 76％).亚细胞定位预测表明普通小球藻PSY前45个氨基酸残基为叶绿体转运肽,可能引导翻译后的肽链进入叶绿体.保守区块、特征基序分析及三维建模显示,序列中具有多个潜在的蛋白质修饰位点,以及PSY蛋白的保守区块和特征基序,包括两个保守的底物-镁离子结合位点和两个活性位点遮蔽残基,用于结合底物及保护催化反应中间产物;普通小球藻PSY蛋白中还具有一个特异的底物-镁离子结合位点,其活性和功能还未知.总之,研究结果揭示了普通小球藻psy基因的cDNA全长序列及可能的蛋白质序列结构特性,结果可为构建过表达载体,提高类胡萝卜素产量提供相关信息.     

栽培甜菜和白花甜菜种间杂交后代无融合生殖的观察

栽培甜菜和白花甜菜杂交获得的Ｆ＿１代以栽培甜菜连续回交产生了Ｂ＿１Ｆ＿２代和Ｂ＿２Ｆ＿３代￣［４］．在Ｂ＿２Ｆ＿３代中，２ｎ＝２７的植株达３０．１９％，推测其中大多数染色体组仍为ＶＶＣ。具有ＶＶＣ染色体组的核型中，含９个白花甜菜校长的染色体和１８个较短的栽培甜菜染色体，差别明显，易于区分。我们通过对Ｂ＿１Ｆ＿２（Ｂ１４，２ｎ＝２７）和Ｂ＿２Ｆ－３（２ｎ＝２７）植株间形态特征相似性比较、两个世代植株有丝分裂特异核型比较、两类植株减粉分裂行为比较、过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶酶谱相似性比较，有力地证明了栽培甜菜和白花甜菜种间杂交后代中，从Ｂ＿１Ｆ＿２（Ｂ１４）到Ｂ＿２Ｆ＿３之间传递上存在着无融合生殖现象。     

竹缺爪螨实验种群生命表的研究

在25℃温度条件下，用黄金间碧竹（Bambusa vulgaris cv.vittata)叶饲养竹缺爪螨（Aponychus corpuzae Rimando)，应用生存分析理论和多维矩阵模型组建竹缺爪螨种群生命表，计算得种群主要参数为：内禀增长率rm＝0．0811，净增殖率R0＝5．8368，平均世代长度T＝21．7532d，周限增长率λ=1.0845/d；并分析了种群在不同年龄的生命状态，各发育期重叠情况以及稳定的年龄一阶段分布；最后讨论了应用这2种方法组建螨类生命表的优点。     

Effect of Planting Sequence and Time, and Nitrogen on Maize Legume Intercrop Yield

Productivity of maize ( Zea mays L.) legume intercrops is determined by soil, management, and environment. Planting sequence and time and N fertilization are easily controlled management factors but their effects on intercrop yields are not well understood. Maize grown in monoculture or intercropped with polebean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Warp.) was studied for two growing seasons at Morgantown, WV. Crops were seeded in the following sequences: maize before legume, both at the same time, and legume before maize. Planting times were early May or mid June. Nitrogen was applied at 0 or 160 kg ha⁻¹. Maize grain and forage, legume grain and forage, and total forage production were determined on a dry matter basis. Intercropping (average of all treatments) reduced maize grain and forage yields compared to maize in monoculture but had no effect on total forage production. However, total forage production was greatest when the seeding sequence was maize intercropped at the same time or before cowpea. Cowpea never produced grain, but forage production was almost double that of polebean. Maize produced most forage when seeded before the legumes, and the legumes produced most forage when seeded before maize. Early planting increased maize production and decreased legume production. Nitrogen increased maize grain, maize forage, and total forage yields but had not effect on legume forage production. It is concluded that maize/legume intercrops show promise for increasing forage production in temperate areas and more research on planting times and densities, weed control, harvesting and management is needed.