艾蒿对不同植物幼苗的化感作用初探

在室内用离体生物测定方法测定了艾蒿水浸提物对黄瓜、油菜、高粱、萝卜和小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并同时测定了黄瓜和萝卜幼苗丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果表明,艾蒿水浸提液对5种植物种子的萌发和幼苗生长均有较强的抑制作用,5种受体植物中,以油菜最为敏感,其次为萝卜。0.025g/mL浓度的艾蒿水提液对5种受体油菜、萝卜、黄瓜、小麦和高粱种子的综合效应(SE)分别为100%,87.26%,69.88%,61.11%和52.77%。艾蒿水提物能引起黄瓜和萝卜幼苗MDA含量的升高,表明艾蒿化感作用对受体植物的影响很可能与其引起MDA含量升高,从而导致植物细胞膜的破坏有关。     

新疆甜菜组织培养及植株再生研究

[目的]以新疆的两个甜菜品系为研究对象,对培养基激素及浓度配比、外植体的选择及两个基因型的再生能力进行了初步的比较分析,以期建立起适合新疆甜菜品种(系)的组织培养体系.[方法]对不同的灭菌方式、培养基激素组合、不同外植体再生能力、不同基因型甜菜再生能力进行比较.[结果]分别对影响甜菜组织培养及植株再生体系的各个因素进行比较后建立了适合新疆甜菜的组织培养及植株再生体系.[结论]确定采用破除甜菜种壳进行灭菌处理的方法灭菌效果最明显.通过筛选,确定了甜菜叶柄再生的最适培养基激素配比,为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L,IAA 0.3 mg/L.对不同外植体再生能力的比较分析发现,叶柄的再生能力高于其他外植体,是较为理想的外植体来源.新甜486与413两种基因型的再生能力无明显差异.     

旱作菜豆品种比较

[目的]选择适合干旱、半干旱地区栽培的菜豆品种。[方法]在我国水方典型的旱作农业区阳曲县进行7个菜豆品种的旱作栽培试验。[结果]特优特架豆、超级无筋与新欣一尺青圆龙植株较为粗壮;爱丰、精选架豆王、超长四季豆生长速度较快;爱丰功能叶的蒸腾速率最低。天马95-33架豆王产量显著高于其他品种,单产达36.33t/hm2,为爱丰产量的1.39倍、新欣一尺青圆龙产量的1.9倍;爱丰单产次之,为26.07t/hm2,是新欣一尺青圆龙产量的1.37倍。[结论]天马95-33架豆王与爱丰产量较高,蛋白质含量较高,适于在试验区及周边地区进行推广栽培。     

Can sulfur fertilisation improve the effectiveness of trap crops for diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)?

BACKGROUND: The effect of sulfur fertilisation on chemical constituents of yellow rocket, Barbarea vulgaris (R. Br.), was studied with regard to its potential use as a trap crop for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Two types of B. vulgaris var. arcuata were used: the G‐type, resistant to P. xylostella and proposed as a ‘dead‐end’ trap crop, and the P‐type, not resistant to P. xylostella and used as a control. RESULTS: In G‐type B. vulgaris, sulfur fertilisation increased the content of the dominant glucosinolate (S)‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylethylglucosinolate by 20%. Sulfur fertilisation did not significantly change levels of the saponins 3‐0‐β‐cellobiosylhederagenin and 3‐0‐β‐cellobiosyloleanolic acid, known to act as feeding deterrents for P. xylostella larvae. In P‐type B. vulgaris, the same levels of sulfur fertilisation did not change the glucosinolate content significantly. Two‐choice oviposition preference tests with B. vulgaris plants showed that P. xylostella laid 144% and 45% more eggs on G‐ and P‐type plants with sulfur fertilisation respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The studies suggest that sulfur fertilisation could increase the effectiveness of G‐type B. vulgaris as a trap crop for P. xylostella. The effect of plant sulfur fertilisation on P. xylostella oviposition preference is associated with a quantitative glucosinolate increase, but other compounds could also be involved. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

丁香属植物亲缘关系的AFLP分析

为探讨丁香属植物种间、欧丁香品种间以及丁香属与女贞属之间的亲缘关系,本研究使用8对选择性扩增引物对丁香属14个种、欧丁香种的37个品种和女贞属3个种进行了AFLP分析。利用Ntsyspc软件对扩增结果进行分析,以遗传相似性系数为基础,计算Nei遗传距离并采用UPGMA法进行聚类。结果表明：AFLP扩增共产生447条带,其中多态性条带395条,多态率为88．4％,各样品间的遗传距离在0．01～1．44之间。聚类结果与传统的分类结果基本一致,不同之处在于：部分欧丁香品种与顶生花序系的种聚类为一个分支;短花冠管组的种聚类于长花冠管组的内部;长花冠管组的种内部巧玲花系与顶生花序系的种聚类有交叉现象;女贞属植物聚类于丁香属植物的内部。据此推断,欧丁香品种的育种过程中有顸生花序系的种的加入;丁香属植物的分类应该去除组的划分;巧玲花系与顶生花序系的亲缘关系比较近;丁香属植物不是一个自然的单系类群,女贞属与丁香属之间的起源与分类学地位有待于进一步的研究。     

湿地外来植物香菇草(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)入侵风险研究

通过对香菇草(Hydrocotyle vulgaris)形态特征、生长习性以及繁殖特点的研究以揭示其入侵风险.结果表明:1)香菇草适应性强,具有表型可塑性,能适应水生到旱生、强光到隐蔽等多种生境,并具有较好的耐受性,从而能占据更宽的生态幅;2)侵占力强,能形成比较高密度的植株丛成片生长,地下部分由根茎和大量的不定根密集网状交错,在地上、地下高密度占领生境从而排挤其他植物,降低群落物种多样性;3)繁殖速度快,可营养繁殖和种子繁殖,以根茎营养繁殖为主,自然生长的香菇草个体1年繁殖倍数达到50倍以上;4)根除难度大,根茎的片断残留仍然可生长成新的植株再次快速繁殖扩大;5)根据香菇草的生长习性,其适生区域的气候特征指标为:日平均温度稳定≥10℃天数多于180 d,最冷月(1月)平均温度高于-5℃,年极端最低气温不低于-10℃;结合我国的气候数据,预测划分香菇草的适生范围包括:中国北亚热带湿润区、中亚热带湿润区、南亚热带湿润区、边缘热带湿润区、中热带湿润区、赤道热带湿润区和中国高原亚热带地区;6)采用外来物种入侵风险指数评估体系分析香菇草的入侵风险表明,其入侵风险指数可确定得分为71分,其中“繁殖和扩散特性”项目得39分.说明香菇草入侵风险程度极高,属于“不可引入物种”.最后提出了香菇草入侵风险管理建议.     

间伐对仁用杏园土壤理化性质及生长结果的影响

为了探讨密闭仁用杏园衰败的原因.采用常规的方法研究了间伐对仁用杏园土壤养分、水分及树体生长等方面的影响.结果表明:间伐减小了土壤容重.略微增加了土壤孔隙度;间伐显著提高了0-40 cm土层土壤有机质、0-20 cm土层土壤全氮,略微提高了0-20cm土层土壤全磷;间伐显著提高了0-80 cm土层土壤速放氯.0-40 cm土层土壤速效磷和0-60 cm土层土壤速效钾.且间伐强度越大土壤养分越高;间伐显著提高了0-500cm土层土壤水分,在干旱的春季、夏季优为显著,且间伐强度越大,土壤水分越高;间伐显著促进了仁用杏生长,提高了坐果率和杏仁产量.白于山山区仁用杏间伐后密度应为167～222株/hm~2.     

普通杏(Armeniaca vulgaris)种质资源果实主要数量性状变异及概率分级

【目的】种质资源评价是资源研究工作的重要环节,而数量性状的合理分级是种质资源评价的基础,因此对普通杏的143～478份品种资源果实数量性状进行统计分析和概率分级。【方法】果实数量性状平均单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、维生素C含量、核鲜质量、核干质量和仁干质量9项指标,根据K-S正态性检验和χ2检测对果实数量性状进行分级。【结果】果实数量性状的变异较为丰富,其中硬度的变异系数最大,为55.46%;可溶性固形物含量的变异系数最小,为14.95%。经K-S正态性检验对符合正态分布的数量性状统一用(X-1.2818S)、(X-0.5246S)、(X+0.5246S)和(X+1.2818S)4个点分为5级,使1～5级的出现频率分别为10%、20%、40%和20%、10%,根据χ2检测,对符合正态分布的数量性状进行概率分级。【结论】杏果实的遗传多样性丰富,将果实数量性状进行概率分级是比较理想的结果。     

Yield,Nutrient Uptake,and Changes in Soil Chemical Properties as Influenced by Liming and Iron Application in Common Bean in a No-Tillage System

Soil acidity is the principal limiting factor in crop production in Oxisols, and deficiency of micronutrients has increased in recent years because of intensive cropping. A field experiment was conducted over three consecutive years to assess response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to lime and iron (Fe) applications on an Oxisol in a no-tillage system. Changes in selected soil chemical properties in the soil profile (0- to 10- and 10- to 20-cm depths) with liming were also determined. Lime rates used were 0, 12, and 24 Mg ha^–1, and Fe application rates were 0, 50, 100, 150 200, and 400 kg ha^–1. Both lime and Fe were applied as broadcast and incorporated in the soil. Grain yields of common bean were significantly increased with the application of lime. Iron application, however, did not influence bean yield. There were significant changes in soil profile (0- to 10-cm and 10- to 20-cm depths) in pH, calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), hydrogen + aluminum (H⁺ + Al³⁺), base saturation, acidity saturation, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca²⁺ saturation, Mg²⁺ saturation, potassium (K⁺) saturation, and ratios of Ca/Mg, Ca/K, and Mg/K. These soil chemical properties had significant positive association with common bean grain yield. Averaged across two depths and three crops, common bean produced maximum grain yield at pH_w 6.3, Ca²⁺ 3.8 cmol_c kg^–1, Mg²⁺ 1.1 cmol_c kg^–1, 3.5 H⁺ + Al³⁺ cmol_c kg^–1, acidity saturation 41.8%, CEC 7.5 cmol_c kg^–1, base saturation 57.4%, Ca saturation 45.2%, Mg saturation 14.2%, K saturation 9.1%, Ca/Mg ratio 3.1, Ca/K ratio 22.6, and Mg/K ratio 6.7.     

Investigations on the Relationship between Extracting (DTPA) Solutions and Plant (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Uptake of Cadmium and Lead from Latosols

Given the relationship between the contents of heavy metals extracted from contaminated soil samples and dilution of these samples in diethylenetriaminepentacetic acid (DTPA) solution, the goal of this work was to test three soil–extractant solution ratios, namely 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15. The extracted contents from each solution were compared to those extracted by bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivated in a greenhouse in two different soils: dystrophic red latosol (RLd) and humic red-yellow latosol (RYLh). Contents of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were greater in RYLh (lower amount of clay) for all soil–extractant ratios; 1:5 and 1:10 ratios differed negligibly from the plant result for the Cd extraction, while for Pb, the 1:15 soil–extractant ratio was the one that better correlated with the extractive behavior of sensitive indicator plants.