犬多层螺旋CT肝多期增强扫描技术研究

本试验旨在确定犬肝多期增强扫描造影剂使用剂量、注射速率及最佳延迟时间。选取不同的碘海醇剂量（500、575、650 mg·kg^-1,以I含量计）及速率（2、3 mL·s^-1）对犬进行造影,动态扫描,计算造影前后主动脉、门静脉、肝实质CT增强值,确定最佳造影剂剂量及注射速率。然后采用最佳造影剂剂量和注射速率对不同体型的犬进行造影,动态扫描后绘制时间-密度曲线,统计主动脉、门静脉、肝实质的达峰时间,计算达峰时间和注射时间的差值（Δt_AO/Δt_SP/Δt_L）,确定各期最佳扫描延迟时间。研究结果显示,当采用575 mg·kg^-1、3 mL·s^-1的造影剂剂量和注射速率时得到的主动脉、门静脉、肝实质CT增强值较高,可获得较好的增强效果。通过时间-密度曲线分别计算小、中、大3种体型犬的Δt_AO分别为7、9、4 s,Δt_SP分别为21、23、17 s,Δt_L分别为41、44、34 s,各期最佳扫描延迟时间可用公式“注射时间+Δt_ROI-1/2扫描时间”计算得到。通过临床病例验证,本试验使用的造影剂剂量（575 mg·kg^-1）、注射速率（3 mL·s^-1）及延迟时间（“注射时间+Δt_AO/Δt_SP/Δt_L-1/2扫描时间”）临床效果较好,可应用于犬肝疾病的CT造影检查。     

Measurement of spiral grain with computed tomography

Spiral grain is a feature of wood that affects the shape of the sawn timber. Boards sawn from logs with a large spiral grain have a tendency to twist when the moisture content changes. In sawmills the spiral grain in logs is judged manually. For research purposes the spiral grain in stems and logs is normally measured by destructive methods. In this study the spiral grain of the stems was measured nondestructively with a computed tomography (CT) scanner. Twelve Norway spruce (Picea abies) stems from two stands in Sweden were scanned with a CT scanner with one cross-sectional scan every 10mm along the stem. Concentric surfaces at various distances from the pith were reconstructed from the stack of CT images. In these concentric-surface images, which show various internal features of the log. the spiral grain angle was measured at different distances from the pith and at different heights in the stem. The destructive measurements of the spiral grain were carried out on disks from the top ends of the logs. On these disks the spiral grain was measured at different distances from the pith with a protractor. Finally, the results from the destructive method were compared with the results from analysis of the CT images. The nondestructive and destructive measurements were compared in pairs with the same radial and approximately the same height position in each pair. The correlations (r) between the two methods were 0.81 and 0.71. respectively, for the two stands. It was concluded that it is possible to measure the spiral grain angle nondestructively with a CT scanner.An outline of this study was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto     

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis with prominent appendicular bone proliferation in a dog

This report described radiographic and CT features of atypical diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in a 5 year-old, female Shih-tzu showing marked proliferative bone lesions in the appendicular skeleton with minor spinal changes. Continuous or flowing bony bridge formation of vertebrae is used as the gold standard for diagnosing diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis. However, this criterion seems not to be suitable for appendicular type diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, as in the present case. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is a progressive skeletal disease, and thus, enthesophytosis and the multiple bony proliferations at insertion sites of ligaments and tendons to appendicular bones in a lamellar or trabecular pattern were considered diagnostic features of the appendicular type of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.     

Does temporomandibular joint pathology affect performance in an equine athlete?

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology is a rarely reported cause of decreased performance among equine athletes or at least seldom recognised. This case report describes the work‐up of a high level dressage horse with decreased performance. Temporomandibular joint pathology was suspected based on computed tomography (CT) and the horse responded very well to joint treatment.     

USE OF CONTRAST‐ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TO STUDY THE CRANIAL MIGRATION OF A LUMBOSACRAL INJECTATE IN CADAVER DOGS

Volumes used in lumbosacral epidural injections for anesthesia have remained unchanged since the 1960s. The goals of this cross‐sectional observational study were to characterize the three‐dimensional spread of a lumbosacral epidural injection, as well as confirm that the commonly used volume of 0.2 ml/kg injected into the lumbosacral epidural space reaches the thoracolumbar (TL) junction in the majority (≥80%) of dogs. Ten clinically normal, adult, nonpregnant, mixed‐breed dogs were obtained within five minutes of euthanasia and 0.2 ml/kg of radiopaque contrast medium was injected into the lumbosacral epidural space. A computed tomography scan of the TL spine was performed immediately following the injection. Migration of contrast reached the TL junction in 8 of 10 (80%) dogs. Contrast was well visualized in all epidural planes with contrast travelling predominantly in the dorsal epidural space in 7 of 10 (70%) dogs. There was no significant difference in the weight of dogs where the epidural injectate reached the TL junction and those where it did not (P = 0.16), or in the weight of dogs where the cranial‐most point of the contrast column was in the dorsal versus the ventral epidural space (P = 0.32). This preliminary study supports the use of computed tomography to characterize injectate distribution in the canine thoracolumbar epidural space and provides evidence that a 0.2‐ml/kg volume is likely to reache the TL junction in most dogs. Further studies are needed in live dogs to determine if variables affecting human epidural injectate doses have similar effects in the dog.     

CT AND MRI FEATURES OF CAROTID BODY PARAGANGLIOMAS IN 16 DOGS

Carotid body tumors (paragangliomas) arise from chemoreceptors located at the carotid bifurcation. In imaging studies, this neoplasm may be confused with other neck neoplasms such as thyroid carcinoma. The purpose of this retrospective, cross‐sectional study was to describe computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of confirmed carotid body tumors in a multi‐institutional sample of dogs. A total of 16 dogs met inclusion criteria (14 examined using CT and two with MRI). The most common reason for imaging was a palpable cervical mass or respiratory signs (i.e., dyspnea or increased respiratory noises). The most commonly affected breed was Boston terrier (n = 5). Dogs were predominantly male castrated (n = 10) and the median age was 9 years [range 3–14.5]. Most tumors appeared as a large mass centered at the carotid bifurcation, with poor margination in six dogs and discrete margins in ten dogs. Masses were iso‐ to hypoattenuating to adjacent muscles in CT images and hyperintense to muscles in T1‐ and T2‐weighted MRI. For both CT and MRI, masses typically showed strong and heterogeneous contrast enhancement. There was invasion into the adjacent structures in 9/16 dogs. In six of these nine dogs, the basilar portion of the skull was affected. The external carotid artery was entrapped in seven dogs. There was invasion into the internal jugular vein in three dogs, and into the external jugular, maxillary, and linguo‐facial veins in one dog. Imaging characteristics helped explain some clinical presentations such as breathing difficulties, Horner's syndrome, head tilt, or facial nerve paralysis.     

利用CT扫描技术对太湖地区主要水稻土中大孔隙的研究

采集了太湖地区3种主要水稻土（白土、黄泥土和乌栅土）的原状土柱为供试土样，利用CT扫描技术，在不破坏土体结构的前提下，准确地得出了不同深度土壤剖面上各种大孔隙的数量、面积以及分布状况。结果表明，3种水稻土均以表层的大孔隙度最大，在30～40cm处达到一个最低点，再往下又呈波浪形变化。土柱各截面上大孔隙面积的变异系数随着深度的变化与大孔隙度相似，大孔隙度大的层次其变异系数也较大。等效直径越大的孔隙（〉5mm）在土壤不同深度下数量的变化也越大。表层上大直径（〉5mm）的大孔隙较多，在土壤剖面30～40cm以下其数量急剧减少；而直径较小孔隙（〈1mm）的数量在土壤剖面不同深度下相差不大。     

直流电法CT技术检测林木孔洞结构特征

为尝试应用直流电法CT技术检测林木内部孔洞的结构特征，以含有明显孔洞的梧桐树为试验对象。针对该孔洞实际分布特征，分别布置1号无孔洞和2~5号有孔洞截面，测试时在每个截面表层布置48个铜电极，利用并行电法仪器采集全场电位，获得34 592电场射线数，将射线数据绑定发射接收电极坐标，进行电阻率反演，进一步获得测试断面电阻率分布图。结果表明:孔洞区域电阻率值比正常树干电阻率值大2倍，反演图像清晰，孔洞大小、形态响应特征显著。因此，直流电CT技术可以作为检测林木内部孔洞结构特征的一种有效方法。      

PULMONARY ANGIOGRAPHY USING 16 SLICE MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN NORMAL DOGS

We report a canine computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography technique using multidetector CT (MDCT). CT pulmonary angiography using a 16 slice MDCT was performed on five healthy, anesthetized beagles. A helical acquisition with pitch of 1.4 was used. The time delay for the angiographic study was determined using a bolus‐tracking program. A dose of 400 mg I/kg of nonionic contrast medium (Iohexol 300 mg I/ml) was administered to each dog via a cephalic catheter using an angiographic power injector at a rate of 5 ml/s. In two dogs a second study, using a contrast medium dose of 200 and 600 mg I/kg was performed. Arterial enhancement of transverse and reformatted images was classified subjectively as excellent, good, or poor, and assessed objectively by measuring Hounsfield units at the right main pulmonary artery. Angiographic studies were evaluated by two radiologists to determine the number of subsegmental arterial branches visualized. The median number of subsegmental arterial branches identified was five (range: 2–7). Based on the time attenuation curve obtained by the bolus‐tracking program, there was consistent enhancement of the right main pulmonary artery beginning at 6 s and peaking at 8 s in 4/5 dogs. The contrast medium dose of 400 mg I/kg produced good to excellent vascular enhancement in the same 4/5 dogs. A dose of 200 mg I/kg resulted in poor enhancement. CT pulmonary angiography using MDCT and an automated bolus‐tracking program allows rapid, consistent evaluation of the pulmonary vasculature using a single dose of 400 mg I/kg of contrast medium.     

CT扫描技术研究有机物料还田深度对黑土孔隙结构影响

为了探明有机物料还田深度对土壤孔隙结构的影响,2019年玉米播种前在黑龙江海伦市的黑土上开展了田间定位试验,设置了秸秆浅混还田(0～15 cm)(T1)、秸秆深混还田(0～35 cm)(T2)和秸秆配合有机肥深混还田(0～35 cm)(T3)3个有机物料还田处理,以无秸秆还田常规耕作为对照(CK),4次重复,随机排列。玉米秸秆还田量为10 000 kg/hm~2,有机肥还田量为30 000 kg/hm~2。2019年玉米收获后,采集原状土柱,利用CT扫描技术可视化土壤结构,量化土壤孔隙结构特征。结果表明,虽然有机物料还田仅一个玉米生长季,但是与CK处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理显著降低了0～15 cm土层容重,增加了饱和导水率和田间持水量(P0.05);T2和T3处理显著改善了15～35cm土层的上述3个土壤物理指标。有机物料的施用增加相应土层的孔隙数量、改善了孔隙分布。与CK处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理0～15 cm土层500μm孔隙数量和孔隙度分别显著增加了18.1%～179.9%和69.2%～256%(P0.05);与其他处理相比,T2处理15～35cm土层1000μm孔隙度显著增加了17.4%～196.2%(P0.05)。有机物料还田增加了孔隙结构的复杂性,土壤中出现了交叉孔隙和细长孔隙,提高了孔隙的连通性。与CK处理相比,T1、T2和T3处理显著降低了0～15 cm土层欧拉数,T1处理显著增加了分形维数(P0.05);秸秆或秸秆配施有机肥深混处理显著改善了15～35 cm土层的土壤孔隙结构,与CK相比,显著增加了各向异性、分形维数和成圆率,显著减少了欧拉数(P0.05)。欧拉数和1 000μm孔隙度分别对0～35 cm土层容重和饱和导水率贡献度最大,而各向异性和欧拉数分别对0～15 cm和15～35 cm土层田间持水量贡献度最大,说明有机物料对土壤物理性质的改善作用是通过调控土壤孔结构,改善孔隙分布、增加孔隙的复杂性、连通性来实现的。