Analysis of land-cover transitions based on 17th and 18th century cadastral maps and aerial photographs

This paper explores the possibility of using non-geometric cadastral maps from the 17th and 18th century together with aerial photographs from 1945 and 1981 to analyse land-cover change in south-east Sweden. Habitats rich in plant species in the European rural landscape seem to be correlated with a long continuity of management. Accurate spatial data from historical data sources are fundamental to understand patterns of vegetation and biodiversity in the present-day landscape. However, traditional methods for rectification of non-geometric maps using corresponding points from orthophotos or modern maps are not satisfying, as internal inaccuracies will remain in the maps. This study presents a method to rectify the maps by local warping, thereby eliminating geometrical irregularities. Further, the land-cover changes were calculated and presented as transition matrices. The extent of arable fields and grasslands were analysed in relation to soil characteristics and continuity of management. The results show a dynamic relation between grassland and arable field, albeit the overall proportions remained almost the same between 17th and 18th centuries: 60% grassland to 32% arable field. The most substantial changes in land-cover were prior to 1945. Today there is 18% grasslands left in the study area, while 56% of the land-cover is arable field. Approximately 8% of present-day land-cover is semi-natural grassland 300 years of age or more. Compared to 300 years ago there is only 1% grassland left on peat and 2% on clay. In contrast, grassland covers associated with bare bedrock have been fairly stable in size. All semi-natural grasslands with a long continuity of management were situated on shallow soils, less than 50 cm depth. The major conclusions from this study are that (i) correctly rectified, old maps are very useful to address questions of land-cover changes in historical time, (ii) general trends in land use over 300 years in this hemi-boreal landscape seem to underestimate the full dynamics of land use change, and (iii) only a small proportion of the semi-natural grassland area had a 300 year continuity of management.     

Burrow systems of endogeic earthworms: Effects of earthworm abundance and consequences for soil water infiltration

By creating burrows, earthworms influence the transfer properties of soils. The effects of endogeic species on soil transfer properties, however, are not yet well understood because these earthworms generally create burrows that are refilled by casts and have no preferential vertical orientation. Thirty soil cores were incubated for various periods (1–3 or 4 weeks) at different earthworm densities (70, 210, 345 or 480 individuals m⁻²). The cores were then scanned using X-ray tomography and the burrow systems were characterised by measuring the total burrow volume, bioturbation volume (refilled burrows and lateral compaction around the burrows), the number of branches, tortuosity and continuity (assessed by computing the number of burrows with a vertical extension greater than 15, 20 and 25% of the core). We also computed the mean geodesic distance, i.e. the mean distance from the bottom to the top of the core assuming that distances inside burrows are null. Rainfall simulations were carried out on 17 cores chosen to encompass the variations observed in the burrow systems. The water transfer efficiency of each core was estimated by measuring two parameters: breakthrough volume and the percentage of water transmitted after 1 h of rain. Burrow and bioturbation volume increased significantly and steadily with time and earthworm density. We estimated that on average Allolobophora chlorotica burrowed 22 cm per week. All other burrow system characteristics also increased with time and earthworm density except the mean geodesic distance, which decreased significantly. This suggests that intraspecific interactions had no significant effect on burrow system geometry. Univariate PLS regressions were used to understand which burrow system characteristics had the strongest influence on water transfer. These regressions showed that the mean geodesic distance was the most important parameter. This means that in addition to individual burrow characteristics, the spatial arrangement of the whole burrow system also had a major effect on transfer properties.     

Effects of metal pollution on soil macroinvertebrate burrow systems

A reduction in the numbers of macroinvertebrates present in soil may have a negative effect on soil structure, infiltration rates, and gas exchanges. Soil pollution by metal is known to have a detrimental effect on soil macrofauna. The aim of the present study was to evaluate (1) direct and indirect effects of soil pollution on soil macroinvertebrate bioturbation and (2) effects of the two macroinvertebrate communities found in a polluted and a nonpolluted area (one supposed sensitive, the other tolerant to metals) on burrow systems parameters. Macroinvertebrate porosity was studied using X-ray tomography. Three-dimensional reconstructions and characterisation of the burrow system were obtained using image analysis. Results showed that metal pollution principally affected the spatial distribution of macropores (more macropores were found near the soil surface) and the shape of the burrow system (branching rate was higher in the polluted soil), whereas soil macroinvertebrate composition principally affects burrow density parameters (the number of burrows was higher for the sensitive macroinvertebrate community).     

语篇衔接理论与大学生英语作文写作的连贯性

连贯是语篇的重要特征。要使语篇具备连贯性,就必须依赖一定的语义衔接手段。我国大学生在英语写作中普遍存在着语篇连贯性差的问题。基于教学经验,本文仅从语篇衔接理论中的"照应"替代"省略"连接"等手段来论述作文的连贯性。     

Effects of adult Lumbricus terrestris on cocoons and hatchlings in Evans’ boxes

The basic ecology of well-researched earthworm species, such as Lumbricus terrestris, remains relatively unknown. In order to contribute to the limited body of knowledge, the present work aimed to investigate if specific behaviours could be detected between an adult and the cocoons it produced by comparison with a non-parental adult and cocoons. Modified Evans’ boxes (0.8×0.2×0.008 m) with recently mated adults allowed observation of their habits under what was essentially a 2-D system. Experimental manipulation (at 81 days) involved four treatments: (1) L. terrestris removal (LtRm); (2) L. terrestris replacement (LtRp), where individuals were replaced by others; (3) control, with no manipulation and (4) L. terrestris removal control (CLtRm) where individuals were removed and then reintroduced in the same box, to account for any effects of the removal method. Burrowing patterns of adults and later, hatchlings, were recorded throughout the duration of the experiment (191 days). Cocoon production across treatments did not differ significantly (p>0.05) and averaged 26±6.4 cocoons worm⁻¹ over a 26 week period. In the LtRm treatment mean cocoon production was 12.6±2.7 cocoons worm⁻¹ over 11 weeks. Forty one percent of cocoons were deposited in the upper 0.05 m of the soil profile. Cocoons below that depth were found deposited in side burrows (1–4 cm in length) and were coated with earthworm casts. Hatchling number and survival rate did not differ significantly across treatments (p>0.05) with means±s.d. of 2±2.2 and 62±29%, respectively. Hatchling mass in the LtRm treatment (0.4±0.38 g), was found to be significantly greater (p<0.01) than that of all other treatments (0.12±0.12 g). In this experimental set up, the presence of parental earthworms and other con-specifics had no significant effect on cocoon viability and hatchling survival, however, results indicated a negative effect of adult presence on hatchling growth.     

沙地濒危植物长柄扁桃生物学特性与抗逆性及应用综述

揭示长柄扁桃生物学特性与抗逆性机理并提高其在荒漠化治理中的生态效益和经济效益,是实现西北旱区荒漠化治理可持续发展和提升生态脆弱区生态系统服务功能面临的重要科学问题。本文回顾了长柄扁桃研究所取得的进展,包括建立了长柄扁桃快速育苗和无灌溉水栽培技术,揭示了不同地区长柄扁桃生长规律及其对逆境的适应性,推进了长柄扁桃在荒漠化治理中的应用及其产品开发等;在此基础上,提出了长柄扁桃研究面临的机遇和挑战,包括长柄扁桃的适生土壤类型与耗水量,不同地区长柄扁桃的合理种植密度及其调控和管理措施,长柄扁桃抗逆性机理及其产品开发与高值综合利用等,以期为我国在西北地区推广和建设长柄扁桃林、优化水土资源管理和提高脆弱生态系统的服务功能提供科学依据。     

城市道路绿化带景观的可识别性设计研究

道路绿化带作为城市道路最主要的景观要素,是体现城市道路“可识别性”的重要因素。但在许多实际设计项目中,这一点却往往被忽视,致使许多道路景观呈现出“千人一面”的视觉感受。文章在分析可认别性对于道路绿化带的重要性的基础上,从3个方面,即以道路节点设置独特标志物来增强道路的辨识度、以绿化形式的一致性来加强道路的连续感、并以绿化带映射整个区域的特色来提升场所的归属感和领域感,并以实例论述道路绿化带景观的可识别性营造策略。     

GF-4/PMS与GF-1/WFV两种传感器地表反射率及NDVI一致性分析

2015年12月中国成功发射高分系列中首颗地球静止轨道卫星高分四号(GF-4),实现与高分一号(GF-1)近极地轨道卫星的优势互补,构成了具有多种空间和时间分辨率的对地观测体系。该文研究并分析了GF-4/PMS与GF-1/WFV地表反射率与NDVI的一致性,结果表明:一致性研究的最优空间尺度为50 m;GF-4/PMS与GF-1/WFV地表反射率存在较好的线性关系,各波段相关系数R均在0.7以上,传感器之间反射率的系统性偏差可以通过线性回归模型校正,校正后各波段反射率的RMSE明显降低;NDVI能够消除不同波段地表反射率"同增同减"偏差的影响,在GF-4地表反射率校正前后均表现出与GF-1较好的一致性,校正前后相关系数R分别为0.74和0.77。因此,GF-4在农业和植被遥感中具有较好的高分系列数据延续性和应用潜力。     

浅谈极限与连续概念的非标准陈述

极限和连续是数学分析当中十分重要的两个概念,学生在初学时难以理解和正确把握,教师授课时也明显感觉到不易。借助于极限和函数连续两个概念的非标准陈述,对人们熟知的几个命题和定理给予全面阐述,使学生换一种思路和方法来深入理解这两个概念。     

热媒炉改烧渣油的稳定性与连续性分析

通过分析铁大输油管道使用的热媒炉由烧原油改为渣油后所引起的不稳定连续燃烧的诸因素,提出了相应的解决方法和建议,经实践检验效果显著,可供热煤炉使用单位借鉴。