GENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE KINETICS IN BRASSICA NAPUS UNDER LOW PHOSPHORUS SUPPLY

Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is important in crop production because of the low bioavailability of phosphorus to plants in both acidic and calcareous soils. Although rapeseed (Brassica napus) is generally sensitive to P deficiency, different cultivars differ widely in this respect. Differences in P uptake and utilization between two rapeseed cultivars, one P-efficient (‘97081’) and one P-inefficient (‘97009’), were evaluated in solution culture by studying the changes in root morphology and parameters of P uptake kinetics in response to low-P stress. The P-efficient cultivar had lower Km and Cmin values and higher Vmax and developed longer and denser lateral root hair with greater number of root tips and branches under low-P stress, which resulted in a better developed root system and more efficient uptake of P. That, in turn, led to higher concentration and accumulation of P in the plants, culminating in higher biomass production. However, P utilization efficiency (biomass production per unit P accumulated in plant) of the P-efficient ‘97081’ was lower than that of ‘97009’ when P was deficient. These results suggest that P efficiency in rapeseed is due to a better developed root system as well as efficient uptake of P.     

Zinc exposure has differential effects on uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen in Chinese cabbage

Zinc (Zn) is a plant nutrient; however, at elevated levels it rapidly becomes phytotoxic. In order to obtain insight into the physiological background of its toxicity, the impact of elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations (1 to 10 μM) in the root environment on physiological functioning of Chinese cabbage was studied. Exposure of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) to elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations (≥ 5 μM) in the root environment resulted in leaf chlorosis and decreased biomass production. The Zn concentrations of the root and shoot increased with the Zn²⁺ concentration up to 68‐fold and 14‐fold, respectively, at 10 μM compared to the control. The concentrations of the other mineral nutrients of the shoot were hardly affected by elevated Zn²⁺ exposure, although in the root both the Cu and Fe concentrations were increased at ≥ 5 µM, whereas the Mn concentration was decreased and the Ca concentration strongly decreased at 10 µM Zn²⁺. The uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen were differentially affected at ≥ 5 µM Zn²⁺. Zn²⁺ exposure resulted in an increase of sulfate uptake and the activity of the sulfate transporters in the root, and in enhanced total sulfur concentration of the shoot, which could be ascribed partially to an accumulation of sulfate. Moreover, Zn²⁺ exposure resulted in an up to 6.5‐fold increase in water‐soluble non‐protein thiol (and cysteine) concentration of the root. However, nitrate uptake by the root and the nitrate and total nitrogen concentrations of the shoot were decreased upon Zn²⁺ exposure, demonstrating the absence of a mutual regulation of the uptake and metabolism of sulfur and nitrogen at toxic Zn levels. Evidently, elevated Zn²⁺ concentrations in the root environment did not only disturb the uptake, distribution and assimilation of sulfate, it also affected the uptake and metabolism of nitrate in Chinese cabbage.     

Effects of different levels of soil salinity on yield attributes,accumulation of nitrogen,and micronutrients in Brassica spp.

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of soil salinity on yield attributes as well as nutrient accumulation in different plant parts of seven Brassica cultivars from two different species raised in pot culture experiment with two levels of salinity treatments along with control corresponding to soil electrical conductivity (EC) values of 1.65 (S₀), 4.50 (S₁) and 6.76 (S₂) dS m^?1. The experiment was consisted of twelve replications in a completely randomized design. Imposition of salinity stress affected various yield attributing characters including plant height, which ultimately led to severe yield reduction. However, tolerant cultivars, CS 52 and CS 54 performed better under salt treatment showing lesser yield loss. Salinity stress reduced the nitrogen (N) content in leaves of the Brassica plants, which reflected in decreased seed protein content. Reduced accumulation of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) was observed in leaf, stem and root at flowering and post-flowering stages, while CS 52 and CS 54 showed less reduction than susceptible cultivars under salinity stress.     

大白菜InDels标记开发及其在剩余杂合体鉴定中的应用

大白菜(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)参考基因组序列的公布及测序成本的降低为大规模开发插入/缺失(Insertion/Deletion,InDel)标记提供了可能.本研究以性状差异明显的大白菜自交系He102与06-247为亲本,开展了全基因组重测序、标记开发和验证工作.二者测序深度分别为10×和8×,经筛选共获得330 218个InDels差异位点,出现频率为1.2个/kb,其中有11 238个差异位点位于编码区,包括5 184个差异基因,每个基因平均包含2.2个差异位点.分别以He102与06-247测序数据中筛选出的多态性InDels位点为参照,从10条染色体上随机选择933个位点进行了PCR扩增及电泳检测验证.结果表明,测序深度对假阳性率有直接影响,以测序较深的材料中筛选到的差异位点为参照,其验证结果的假阳性率亦较高,反之则较低.本研究中以He102与06-247为参照选择InDels位点验证的平均假阳性率分别是51.9％和22.5％.从933个位点中共筛选出593个在亲本之间实际表现为多态性的位点,这些差异位点中有375个位于编码区,是潜在的功能性标记.利用上述差异位点,检测了He102与06-247衍生的F7代重组自交系群体,明确了F7代各株系在593个位点的纯/杂合状态,为利用剩余杂合株系精细解析和精准定位大白菜耐抽薹、抗病毒、抗干烧心等重要农艺性状奠定了基础.     

少花龙葵种间嫁接后代对小白菜生长及镉积累的影响

通过盆栽试验,将茄子、土豆、番茄作为砧木嫁接的少花龙葵后代与小白菜混种,研究了镉胁迫条件下(10 mg kg~(-1)),少花龙葵种间嫁接后代对小白菜生长及镉积累的影响。结果表明:混种少花龙葵种间嫁接后代均能提高小白菜的生物量和叶绿素含量,其大小顺序均为:混种茄子砧木的少花龙葵嫁接后代混种土豆砧木的少花龙葵嫁接后代混种未嫁接少花龙葵混种番茄砧木的少花龙葵嫁接后代单种。同时,混种少花龙葵种间嫁接后代也能提高小白菜根系镉含量、地上部分镉含量及整株镉含量。混种小白菜后,番茄砧木嫁接的木少花龙葵后代的地上部分生物量、地上部分镉含量及地上部分镉积累量较未嫁接少花龙葵均有所提高,分别较未嫁接少花龙葵提高了7.73%、7.54%和15.84%,其余的处理则提高不明显或低于未嫁接少花龙葵。因此,少花龙葵不适合混种镉污染条件下的小白菜,但番茄作为砧木嫁接的少花龙葵后代能够提高少花龙葵对土壤镉污染的修复能力。     

用EST—SSR分子标记技术构建大白菜核心种质及其指纹图谱库

摘要利用EST-SSR分子标记对大白菜种质资源基因库中686份样品所代表的1900份大白菜种质资源进行分析研究。构建大白菜种质资源的核心种质并且形成核心种质的EST—SSR指纹图谱库。结果表明利用4组鉴定白菜品种的EST—SSR的特异性标记组合,获得近158个EST—SSR多态的标记,对大白菜种质资源基因库中686份样品所代表的1900份大白菜种质资源进行核心种质的构建提供了分析数据。形成的核心种质包括168份样品,占库存资源的8．8％,它的多态位点百分率保持了原群体的100％。所构建的核心种质涵盖了原资源的绝大部分区域来源的品种,包含了早、中、晚熟品种中所有典型的大白菜类型和其相关的特征特性。并进一步进行了核心种质资源遗传多样性分析。核心种质的EST—SSR指纹图谱库中,每一份样品的指纹都是唯一的,为登记、评价、整理、分发、繁殖等种质资源库的管理和育种者对其材料的利用提供了重要的有价值的信息。EST-SSR标记组合是构建中国大白菜核心种质及其指纹图谱的经济、高效的方法。     

ALA提高丙酯草醚胁迫下油菜幼苗耐性研究

对油菜幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度的丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)和5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA),研究了ALA与丙酯草醚协同处理对苗期的油菜是否安全。结果表明,丙酯草醚随浓度从100~1000mg/L变化,逐渐抑制油菜幼苗生长,鲜重减少,净光合速率和叶绿素含量降低;过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累提高。而10~100mg/L的ALA则促进油菜幼苗生长,增加植株的鲜重、净光合速率并提高了叶绿素含量,POD、SOD和APX酶活性均比对照显著提高,MDA积累减少;500mg/L的ALA效果相反,表现为抑制作物生长。100mg/L ALA和不同浓度的丙酯草醚协同处理,油菜幼苗均比对照生长的更好,鲜重增加,净光合速率提高,抗氧化酶活性增加,MDA积累减少。因此,ALA可以提高油菜幼苗在除草剂丙酯草醚胁迫下的耐性。     

镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响

采用土培和水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响。土培试验表明:施磷可以提高镉胁迫下小叶芥菜和雪里蕻种子的发芽率,提高小叶芥菜的生物量,而对雪里蕻生物量影响不大;施磷可以减少土壤中有效态镉含量,明显降低植株体内镉含量;植株体内的全磷含量随外加磷浓度的提高而显著增加。水培结果表明:镉胁迫下,磷供应对雪里蕻植株生物量影响不大;随着磷供应水平的增加,植株体内的全磷含量明显增加,但植株地上部镉、锌、钙、镁、锰等元素的含量明显降低。     

木霉菌M2的鉴定及其对小白菜促生效果研究

以一株分离自健康、高产辣椒根际土壤的木霉菌(Trichoderma spp.)M2为供试菌株,研究其对小白菜生长发育的影响并在形态学分类的基础上结合r DNA-ITS序列分析的手段,对木霉菌M2进行分类鉴定,以期为微生物肥料的开发提供优良菌种。将木霉菌M2进行固体发酵制得孢子粉,研究其在温室条件下是否对小白菜的生长具有促生能力。结果表明:菌株M2属于哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum);在温室盆栽试验中,土壤接种M2孢子粉对小白菜具有不同程度的增产作用,且能够提高叶绿素含量、可食用叶片数,其中接种5.0×10~9cfu的M2孢子粉处理的鲜重、干重最高,比对照组分别增加30.26%、20.08%;接种5.0×10~8cfu的M2孢子粉处理鲜重、干重较对照组分别增加18.33%、12.46%。这说明哈茨木霉M2菌株对小白菜的增产效果明显,具有潜在的农业应用价值。     

草除灵对甘蓝型油菜苗期生理生化及超微结构的影响

为探明草除灵作用的生理机制及其胁迫下不同甘蓝型油菜品种的耐性差异机制,以浙大619、浙大622为试验材料,对苗期油菜叶面喷施不同浓度的草除灵,采用生理生化分析方法、叶绿素荧光技术和超显微技术,探究草除灵对甘蓝型油菜苗期生理生化特性以及超微结构的影响。结果表明,低浓度(2.5 g·L~(-1))的草除灵对2个油菜品种的生长无显著影响,当草除灵浓度大于5.0 g·L~(-1)时,随着处理浓度的升高,油菜生长受抑制的程度逐渐增加,净光合速率、叶绿素含量和叶绿素荧光值显著下降,抗氧化酶系统的活性降低,膜脂过氧化加剧,活性氧积累增多,叶绿体、线粒体等叶肉细胞超微结构受损,且浙大619的抗草除灵胁迫能力高于较敏感品种浙大622。因此,本研究明确了草除灵对甘蓝型油菜安全性的影响,这对该除草剂的田间推广应用具有重要意义。