地下水硝酸盐污染来源的推断与溯源方法概述

不同地区的地下水中硝酸盐污染物的来源可能不同,这些差异可以通过一定的方法分析和追溯,本文概述了地下水硝酸盐污染来源的推断与溯源几种常用方法,包括六成分法、派珀图法、相关性分析,以及稳定同位素方法。     

面包长期贮存过程中的硬化研究

本文研究了面包在长期贮存过程中的硬度变化。结果表明,面包硬度在贮存前几周不断增加,随后增加缓慢;检测分析发现,面包中支链淀粉的结晶和水分的迁移变化规律相似,合理使用添加剂可以延缓面包的硬化。     

分根交替灌水对棉花生长、光合与水分利用效率的影响

应用部分根区干燥(PRD)技术,研究分根交替灌水(APRI)、分根固定灌水(FPRI)与全根系均匀灌水(BPRI)对盆栽棉花的生长、光合和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:APRI黎明前与正午的叶水势均明显高于FPRI,而与BPRI无显著差异。APRI在叶片水分状况未变化时,显著降低了气孔导度,在维持光合作用不变的情况下,减少蒸腾量,瞬时水分利用效率与FPRI和BPRI相比分别提高了35.86%和63.51%。APRI处理的棉株在干旱复水后由于补偿效应,叶片生长速率和总叶面积较同等灌水量的FPRI分别提高了67.42%和27.16%。同时,干湿交替刺激APRI处理棉株的吸收根生长,其干重是FPRI的1.39倍。分根交替灌水在节水50%条件下,比同水量固定灌水处理的水分利用效率显著提高。     

和田玉枣总皂苷水提取工艺研究

以新疆和田玉枣为原料,研究了提取和田玉枣中总皂苷的工艺技术以及采用香草醛—高氯酸显色法测定其含量的可行性方法。结果表明,和田玉枣总皂苷的最大吸收波长为532nm,提取和田玉枣中总皂苷的工艺条件为:料液比1:20,温度70℃,时间3h,测得和田玉枣总皂苷含量为5.730mg/g。     

Improved AHP Assessment and Grey Relational Analysis Model for Optimizing Waterworks Sludge Treatment Process

The goal of AHP Grey Relational Analysis model is to solve problems during selecting the best waterworks sludge treatment process.And grey Relational Analysis is to confirm the compactness between the ideal process and candidate process.Moreover, weighting system was determined by the three mark matrix and consistency analysis of judgment matrix for traditional AHP was improved by the optimum transfer matrix.Base on these theories, AHP GRA model was established.A case study was addressed with the selection of waterworks sludge treatment process in Chongqing.It is found that this model is legitimate and credible.     

FLOODING STRESS: The Effects of Planting Pattern and Water Regime on Root Morphology,Physiology and Grain Yield of Rice

Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons to investigate the effects of variations in water regime and planting pattern on the growth of rice plant roots and shoots and on yield. Four water regimes were evaluated with split plot design: intermittent flooding during the vegetative stage only (IF‐V); intermittent flooding extending into the reproductive stage (IF‐R); not flooded (NF); and continuously flooded (CF), interacting with three different planting patterns: single seedling per hill with wider 30 × 30 cm spacing (P1); single seedling per hill with closer 20 × 20 cm spacing (P2); and three to four seedlings per hill with 20 × 20 cm spacing (P3). The treatment combination CF/P3 corresponds most closely with current conventional practice. The other combinations were evaluated to contribute to a better understanding of the effects of the two parameters studied, respectively and together. IF‐V/P1 was considered as an approximation of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practice. This study found that the combination of singly transplanted seedlings, both P1 and P2, with the IF‐V water regime improved root length density, root physiological activity, and chlorophyll content of the upper and lower leaves, leading to higher grain yield compared with the other treatment combinations. With continuous flooding (CF), P2 gave 23 % more yield compared with the P3 planting pattern. Combining IF‐V and P2 produced 32 % more grain yield compared with the CF/P3 treatment. These results showed a synergistic effect on grain yield from reduced intra‐hill competition and IF‐V water management. In these trials, there was no significant yield difference between the IF‐V/P1 and CF/P3 treatments. Wider spacing improved the performance of individual hills when grown under IF‐V water regimes, but tiller number per unit area remained a dominant determinant of yield. The yield reduction observed for CF/P1 compared with CF/P3 indicated that in more hypoxic CF soils, denser plant populations can produce more than sparser ones, whereas the latter benefit from more aerobic soil conditions. Intermittent irrigation during the vegetative growth stage and transplanting single seedlings/hill are major elements of SRI methodology. These findings contribute to an understanding of why SRI methods can produce the higher yields reported. A consideration of the effects of interaction between planting pattern and water regime shows the need to establish empirically the optimum values for these treatments according to varietal, soil and climatic characteristics for the greatest yield response.     

水葫芦厌氧发酵实验及其产气模型研究

水葫芦是厌氧发酵制沼气的一种良好原料。本文以水葫芦为唯一底料进行厌氧发酵制沼气实验,研究其发酵过程的产气特性,并建立两阶段模型分析水葫芦厌氧发酵的产气过程。结果显示：水葫芦厌氧发酵产气潜力约为500 mL/gTS;两阶段模型与发酵实验过程基本吻合,模型误差小于10%。     

不同时期灌溉对华北平原春玉米穗粒数的影响

干旱胁迫是限制华北地区春玉米穗粒数形成的关键因子,探究不同时期灌溉对穗粒数的影响,对提高该地区春玉米产量和水分利用效率具有重要意义。在2014—2016年进行3年大田试验,设置拔节期、大口期、抽雄期、吐丝后15 d灌水和不灌水对照(CK),明确不同时期灌水对土壤水分变化、吐丝期穗位叶光合速率、穗粒数的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,在干旱和关键生育时期缺水的年份,灌水处理可以提高春玉米穗粒数,其中花期灌水较其他处理提高了1.4%～97.0%(2014年和2015年);而在多雨的2016年,各个灌水处理间穗粒数差异不显著。拔节期和大口期灌水促进了春玉米营养生长,提高了叶面积指数和生物量,但春玉米花期遭遇干旱胁迫仍会降低穗粒数。花期灌水处理在营养生长阶段受干旱胁迫影响,叶面积指数和生物量都降低,但保证了吐丝—授粉—籽粒建成关键阶段有充足的水分供应,其吐丝期光合速率较其他处理提高5.2%～32.8%。回归分析结果表明,吐丝期充足的土壤水含量可以显著提高春玉米光合速率(P=0.0034)和穗粒数(P=0.0137),但过多降水(降低光辐射)会影响光合作用及籽粒结实。因此,花期灌水是干旱年份保证春玉...     

玉米秸秆基纤维素保水剂对土壤持水性能及冬小麦根系生长的影响

为探讨自制的玉米秸秆基纤维素保水剂(SAP)在农业生产上的应用潜力,利用扫描电镜表征了SAP吸水前后形貌变化,探究了SAP施用量对土壤持水性能和不同程度水分胁迫下冬小麦根系生长的影响.结果 表明:SAP在土壤中吸水膨胀后降低了土壤容重,土壤最大水分含量较不施SAP显著提高19.1％～67.6％,同时降低了前3天土壤水分...