Density responses and spatial distribution of cotton yield and yield components in jujube (Zizyphus jujube)/cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) agroforestry

Trees are the dominant species in agroforestry systems, profoundly affecting the performance of understory crops. Proximity to trees is a key factor in crop performance, but rather little information is available on the spatial distribution of yield and yield components of crop species under the influence of trees in agroforestry systems. Also, little information is available on how crop density may be exploited to optimize the yield in such systems. Here we studied the performance of cotton in jujube/cotton agroforestry. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Hetian, Xinjiang, China. Cotton was grown at a row distance of 60 cm in three densities, 13.5, 18.0 and 22.5 plants m⁻² in six m wide paths between tree lines in a jujube plantation. Plant density affected both cotton aboveground dry matter and yield significantly. The highest yield was attained at the intermediate density of 18.0 plants m⁻² (20.0 plants m⁻² corresponding in sole cotton), lower than the optimal density in sole cotton (25.0 plants m⁻²). Yield at the lower density was constrained by the low number of bolls per m² as a direct consequence of the low density, whereas at the high plant density yield was constrained by a lower allocation of assimilates to cotton seed and lint, as a consequence of intraspecific and interspecific competitions. There were strong gradients in yield and yield components in relation to the distance from the tree rows. Leaf area and total dry matter of cotton in rows close to the tree lines were reduced, especially in the rows next to the trees. Moreover, biomass allocation to cotton fruits was reduced in these rows. Competitive influences from the trees on cotton performance extended two rows deep in a six-year old jujube stand, and even three rows deep in a seven-year old stand. Shading effects on cotton yield were compensated by increasing plant density as a result of greater boll numbers per unit ground area. Data from this study help guide the design of optimal plant density of cotton in jujube plantations and give insight in the spatial distribution and dynamics of competitive effects in agroforestry systems in general.     

Short time effects of biological and inter-row subsoiling on yield of potatoes grown on a loamy sand,and on soil penetration resistance,root growth and nitrogen uptake

Soil compaction, especially subsoil compaction, in agricultural fields has increased due to widespread use of heavy machines and intensification of vehicular traffic. Subsoil compaction changes the relative distribution of roots between soil layers and may restrict root development to the upper part of the soil profile, limiting water and mineral availability. This study investigated the direct effects of inter-row subsoiling, biological subsoiling and a combination of these two methods on soil penetration resistance, root length density, nitrogen uptake and yield. In field experiments with potatoes in 2013 and 2014, inter-row subsoiling (subsoiler) and biological subsoiling (preceding crops) were studied as two potential methods to reduce soil penetration resistance. Inter-row subsoiling was carried out post planting and the preceding crops were established one year, or in one case two years, prior to planting. Soil resistance was determined with a penetrometer three weeks after the potatoes were planted and root length density was measured after soil core sampling 2 months after emergence. Nitrogen uptake was determined in haulm (at haulm killing) and tubers (at harvest). Inter-row subsoiling had the greatest effect on soil penetration resistance, whereas biological subsoiling showed no effects. Root length density (RDL) in the combined treatment was higher than in the separate inter-row and biological subsoiling treatments and the control, whereas for the separate inter-row and biological subsoiling treatments, RLD was higher than in the control. Nitrogen uptake increased with inter-row subsoiling and was significantly higher than in the biological subsoiling and control treatments. However, in these experiments with a good supply of nutrients and water, no yield differences between any treatments were observed.     

高山姬鼠胴体重长指标的变化规律

采用胴体重与体长的比值作为胴体重长指标KWL′。对2008－2010年贵州省大方县捕获的285只高山姬鼠(雌鼠138只,雄鼠147只)胴体重长指标进行分析表明,高山姬鼠胴体重长指标在1.38～3.32 g/cm之间,平均为(1.90±0.32) g/cm,雌雄鼠之间差异极显著。不同生境之间差异不显著。不同年龄组之间差异极显著,且随着种群年龄的增长,胴体重长指标不断增加。不同季节、不同月份之间差异显著, 胴体重长指标季节变化趋势为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。胴体重长指标与种群繁殖密切相关,可作为预测种群数量变动的参考依据之一。     

紫外辐射UV-B增加对小麦株高和节间细胞长度影响的初步研究

研究了UV-B强度增加对小麦株高、各节间长度及各节间纵向细胞个数、细胞长度的影响,结果表明：UV- B强度增加,小麦株高呈显著下降趋势,小麦株高下降是由于节间长度缩短,而节间个数不变,且各节间缩短的百分率也有显著的差异,穗下第4,5节间的长度缩短对于株高下降影响的效应较大。显微切片测定节间细胞的纵向长度结果表明：穗下第五节间和穗下第四节间的缩短主要是由于节间纵向细胞个数下降,而穗下第三节间和穗下第二节间的缩短主要是由于节间细胞纵向长度缩短。小麦节间缩短和叶片长度的缩短呈显著的正相关。     

Identification of qRL7, a major quantitative trait locus associated with rice root length in hydroponic conditions

Root system development is an important target for improving yield in rice. Active roots that can take up nutrients more efficiently are essential for improving grain yield. In this study, we performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses using 215 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Xieqingzao B (XB), a maintainer line with short roots and R9308, a restorer line with long roots. Only a QTLs associated with root length were mapped on chromosomes 7. The QTL, named qRL7, was located between markers RM3859 and RM214 on chromosome 7 and explained 18.14–18.36% of the total phenotypic variance evaluated across two years. Fine mapping of qRL7 using eight BC₃F₃ recombinant lines mapped the QTL to between markers InDel11 and InDel17, which delimit a 657.35 kb interval in the reference cultivar Nipponbare. To determine the genotype classes for the target QTL in these BC₃F₃ recombinants, the root lengths of their BC₃F₄ progeny were investigated, and the result showed that qRL7 plays a crucial role in root length. The results of this study will increase our understanding of the genetic factors controlling root architecture, which will help rice breeders to breed varieties with deep, strong and vigorous root systems.     

桃花粉活性检测和离体萌发特性的研究

果树花粉活力直接影响授粉、受精乃至座果。为了解果树品种的花粉生活力,给引种栽培和杂交育种工作创造有利条件,以桃花粉为试验材料,采用染色方法检测花粉的活性。试验结果表明,含有蓝墨水的花粉培养基,花粉萌发率可以达到64.67%,与对照相比差异不明显,因此该方法比较适合于快速检测花粉活性;固体培养基培养2个品种桃花粉,萌发率比液体培养基培养分别高25%和20%。另外温度、花粉密度、培养基中蔗糖及硼酸浓度都对花粉萌发率和花粉管长度有影响,在温度为24℃、1粒花药/100 μL、10%的蔗糖或100 mg/L的硼酸的条件下,均有利于花粉萌发和花粉管生长。     

槐树与北京的历史文化

槐树在北京有着悠久的栽培历史,槐树和北京人民的生活联系密切;文章重点探讨了槐树文化的丰富内涵,及其对北京的民居、园林绿化、文学艺术等所产生的影响。       

有害生物管理及其在安丘的实践

文章阐述了有害生物管理概念和管理要素(重点方面),并以山东安丘为例作了深入探讨。       

南方雨雪冰冻造成林业重大损失的原因分析及预防对策建议——在全国政协第十一届一次会议上的书面发言

2008年1月中旬以来,受极端天气影响,我国大部分地区遭受了特大雨雪冰冻灾害。这次雨雪冰冻灾害持续时间之长、影响范围之广、危害程度之强、受灾情况之重,实属历史罕见。       

扬州古运河风光带生态景观型林地模式的环境效应

对扬州古运河风光带生态景观型林地模式的环境效应进行了测定,结果表明:林地模式较对照能显著减少噪音3~10dB,叶片大而质硬并重叠排列的树种减噪效果较好;分枝低、树冠矮的乔木减噪作用要比分枝高、树冠高的乔木明显。林分内不同高度的光照强度分布,由林冠上层向林地表面逐步递减。