中俄东线智能化工艺运行基础与实现的思考

随着数字化、智能化等技术的发展,油气管道运行管理模式将发生根本性转变,形成以智能管道、智慧管网为核心的发展理念。从管道运行工艺角度对中国智能管道建设的基础及实现条件进行了分析:①从智能管道的定义、国内外智能管道的发展现状以及油气管道智能运行的物联网基础与技术准备3个方面论述了智能管道建设的基础及所需实现的功能,指出智能管道在油气生产过程中的应用性是智能管道建设的核心问题;②探讨了天然气管网数据、建模及计算复杂性的根源,明确了智能管道、智慧管网的建设思路;③以中俄东线天然气管道为例,阐述了中俄东线智能运行的目标、基础以及工艺运行智能化组成的设想,其中工艺运行智能化组成包括管道工艺仿真系统建设、基于管道数据的数字孪生体构建以及综合运行调度和可靠性评价。最后,针对智能管道技术发展与应用面临的形势与挑战,给出几点认识及建议。     

Volatile metabolome and transcriptome reveal fragrance release rhythm and molecular mechanisms of Rosa yangii

Rose is a highly significant ornamental plant with substantial edible and medicinal value, cultivated worldwide primarily for perfume production. Recently, Rosa yangii, a new species found in northwestern Yunnan, China, has drawn attention due to its strong sweet scented flowers. In this study, the floral components of R. yangii were extracted at different flowering stages using solid phase micro extraction (SPME) and analyzed through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 131 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected from R. yangii, including 69 odor compounds. The production and release of floral VOCs were the highest during the initial-open stage, making it the most suitable time for harvesting as a significant number of floral components were synthesized and preserved. The analysis of the odor activity values (OAV) highlighted several key aromatic ingredients of R. yangii, such as eugenol, methyleugenol, benzeneacetaldehyde and phenylethylalcohol, heptanal, decanal, (E)-2-hexen-1-yl acetate, caryophyllene, and others. Metabolome and time-order gene co-expression networks (TO-GCN) revealed that VOCs and benzenoids/phenylpropanoids, along with associated genes, played a pivotal role in the overall floral regulatory network of R. yangii. MYB and bHLH were identified as the essential regulatory factors governing the regulation of eugenol synthase (EGS) and isoeugenol synthase (IGS), consequently influencing the sweet scent of R. yangii. The findings of this study provide a scientific foundation for enhancing fragrance through molecular breeding of ornamental plants. Furthermore, the study facilitated the development and utilization of this new plant’s essential oil material in various industries, including food storage, aromatherapy, cosmetic, and perfumery.     

Explaining farmers’ reluctance to adopt green manure cover crops planting for sustainable agriculture in Northwest China

Green manure cover crops (GMCCs) planting has a potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in agroecosystems and provides important ecosystem services, thereby achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) stipulated by the United Nations. However, the advantages of cultivating GMCCs on arable land are not widely recognized. For example, in the whole of China, the GMCCs planting area is less than 3.5% of total arable land. The aim of this study is to explore reasons for the low adoption rate of GMCCs planting. Using best–worst scaling (BWS) approach, farmers ranked their preferred conservation practices including three types of GMCC cropping systems. Taking Gansu Province in Northwest China as a case study, a survey with 276 farmers was conducted. The findings indicated that three factors are related to the low adoption rate of GMCCs: 1) farmers preferred improving farmland irrigation facilities and substituting chemical fertilizers with organic rather than planting GMCCs; 2) lack of awareness and understanding of government policy on GMCCs and limited access to training courses; 3) financial support and subsidies from the government are insufficient. This study provides insights and strategic implications for policymakers on how to further promote GMCCs in the future.     

基于离散元的施肥机肥料块破碎装置参数的优化

为解决2BF–02型玉米全膜双垄沟扎穴施肥机作业因肥料结块而排肥不顺的问题,设计了一种由箱体和辊轮组成的肥料块破碎装置。在离散元软件EDEM中建立肥料块离散元模型,按照3因素3水平正交试验方案对肥料块破碎装置工作过程进行虚拟试验。结果表明:影响肥料块破碎率的因素由大到小依次为辊轮间距、辊轮转速、辊轮齿数。当辊轮间距为6 mm、辊轮转速为150 r/min、辊轮齿数60个时,肥料块破碎率为98.8%(最高值)。对仿真结果进行试验验证,结果肥料块破碎率为94.4%。     

直径1422 mm X80管道环焊接头应变能力数值模拟方法

鉴于高钢级管材的组织特征及焊缝失效对于管道安全的重要影响,管道环焊缝承载能力成为当前管道行业的研究热点,以中俄东线全自动焊口为研究对象,准确考虑环焊接头根焊、热影响区、母材、填充焊4个区域材料本构关系的差异性,基于有限元方法建立了分析管道环焊接头应变能力的数值仿真模型。定量分析了母材屈强比、运行内压、载荷类型等组合工况下焊缝强度匹配系数等对管道环焊缝裂纹扩展驱动力的影响。采用静裂纹起裂的失效判定方法,以表观断裂韧性值为临界准则,结合中俄东线管材及环焊接头材料特性参数实际变化范围,计算了在设计工况范围内最不利条件下中俄东线环焊接头的应变能力。结果表明:提高焊缝区强度匹配能够有效减小接头的裂纹扩展驱动力,增加管道内压或提高母材屈强比会使相同强度匹配条件下的裂纹扩展驱动力更大,拉伸载荷下的裂纹扩展驱动力要大于弯曲载荷下的裂纹扩展驱动力。该方法既可以用于根据焊接接头性能要求指导焊接参数的确定,也可以用于在役管道含缺陷焊接接头的适用性评价。     

中俄东线天然气管道跨国计量站配置及运行现状

中俄东线天然气管道作为一条大规模跨国输气管道,其贸易计量站的技术与管理水平,将直接影响中俄双方的经济利益。中俄东线天然气贸易计量由3套计量系统组成,其中主计量系统与核查计量系统安装在俄罗斯布拉格维申斯克计量站,比对计量系统安装在中国黑河计量站,俄罗斯两套计量系统的运行参数均实时传输至黑河计量站,使其能够对境内外3套计量系统进行全方位监控,通过对比3套系统的计量结果,最终确定贸易结算气量。根据中俄两国签订的《天然气计量协议》中对气体质量参数的规定,在两国计量站均配置了气质分析设备,且俄罗斯计量站所有气质分析设备的检测结果均实时传输至黑河计量站。通过对黑河计量站实行智慧化建设,不但降低了计量站站控系统调试对计量系统的影响,而且实现了远程诊断及流程切换的智能化。基于计量站运行现状,提出如下建议:①在运行过程中增加对自动化逻辑的测试,并联合自动化专业公司对系统的使用情况进行试验测试,以达到简化控制逻辑、提高系统稳定性的目的;②加大对技术人员的培训与考核,以提高计量站的运行管理水平。(图2,表4,参22)     

Maize–legume intercropping promote N uptake through changing the root spatial distribution,legume nodulation capacity,and soil N availability

Legume cultivars affect N uptake, component crop growth, and soil physical and chemical characteristics in maize–legume intercropping systems. However, how belowground interactions mediate root growth, N fixation, and nodulation of different legumes to affect N uptake is still unclear. Hence, a two-year experiment was conducted with five planting patterns, i.e., maize–soybean strip intercropping (IMS), maize–peanut strip intercropping (IMP), and corresponding monocultures (monoculture maize (MM), monoculture soybean (MS), and monoculture peanut (MP)), and two N application rates, i.e., no N fertilizer (N–) and conventional N fertilizer (N+), to examine relationships between N uptake and root distribution of crops, legume nodulation and soil N availability. Results showed that the averaged N uptake per unit area of intercrops was significantly lower than the corresponding monocultures. Compared with the monoculture system, the N uptake of the intercropping systems increased by 31.7–45.4% in IMS and by 7.4–12.2% in IMP, respectively. The N uptake per plant of intercropped maize and soybean significantly increased by 61.6 and 31.8%, and that of intercropped peanuts significantly decreased by 46.6% compared with the corresponding monocultures. Maize and soybean showed asymmetrical distribution of roots in strip intercropping systems. The root length density (RLD) and root surface area density (RSAD) of intercropped maize and soybean were significantly greater than that of the corresponding monocultures. The roots of intercropped peanuts were confined, which resulted in decreased RLD and RSAD compared with the monoculture. The nodule number and nodule fresh weight of soybean were significantly greater in IMS than in MS, and those of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP. The soil protease, urease, and nitrate reductase activities of maize and soybean were significantly greater in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monoculture, while the enzyme activities of peanut were significantly lower in IMP than in MP. The soil available N of maize and soybean was significantly greater increased in IMS and IMP than in the corresponding monocultures, while that of IMP was significantly lower than in MP. In summary, the IMS system was more beneficial to N uptake than the IMP system. The intercropping of maize and legumes can promote the N uptake of maize, thus reducing the need for N application and improving agricultural sustainability.     

Deciphering the morpho–physiological traits for high yield potential in nitrogen efficient varieties(NEVs):A japonica rice case study

The use of nitrogen(N)-efficient rice(Oryza sativa L.) varieties could reduce excessive N input without sacrificing yields. However, the plant traits associated with N-efficient rice varieties have not been fully defined or comprehensively explored. Here, three japonica N-efficient varieties(NEVs) and three japonica N-inefficient varieties(NIVs) of rice were grown in a paddy field under N omission(0 N, 0 kg N ha-1) and normal N(NN, 180 or 200 kg N ha-1) treatments. Results showed that NEVs exhib...     

蔬菜根际细菌R2–2的鉴定及其抑菌活性

从云南昆明市郊蔬菜根际分离细菌,经平板对峙培养筛选出1株抑菌能力较强的菌株R2-2,通过对其进行形态观察、Biolog微生物自动鉴定系鉴定和16S rDNA序列测定及其系统发育学分析,鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus)。对R2-2与植物病原细菌(甘蓝黑腐病菌、魔芋细菌性软腐病菌、海棠斑点病菌、水稻白叶枯病菌、水稻细菌性条斑病菌)和病原真菌(疫霉菌、尖镰孢菌、茄镰孢菌、立枯丝核菌)进行对峙试验,结果显示,R2-2对水稻白叶枯病菌和水稻条斑病菌有较强的抑菌效果,抑菌圈直径分别达6.83 cm和7.03 cm。该菌株的16S rDNA序列已在GenBank中注册,登录号为JN648098。