The effects of utilization of hazelnut oil,sunflower oil and their products on performance and fatty acid composition of yolk in layer hens

This research has been performed to determine the effects of hazelnut crude oil, sunflower crude oil and its refinery by-products over the laying hens performance and the fatty acid composition of the egg’s yolk. Four hundreds 36-week-old Nick Brown layer hens were allocated into five groups. Treatment groups were supplemented with 1.5% of sunflower crude oil, hazelnut crude oil, acidulated sunflower soapstock, acidulated hazelnut soapstock and acidulated hazelnut crude oil. The daily feed consumption for groups that were fed with crude oils were numerically improved as compared for those nourished with acidulated soapstocks. Although the percentages of cracked and broken eggs in acidulated hazelnut soapstock group was significantly higher than the other groups, daily feed consumption and egg production values were not different. The usage of acidulated hazelnut soapstock reduced the percentage of intact egg ratio. Egg’s specific gravity and yolk color index were the highest level throughout the experiment from start to end in hazelnut crude oil group (p < 0.05). In group that was nourished by hazelnut oil, Omega 3/Omega-6 fatty acid ratios in egg yolk were higher than the groups that were fed with sunflower oil. The oleic acid content of the egg yolk was increased in the groups which were supplemented with hazelnut crude oil and acidulated hazelnut crude oil. Consequently, hazelnut crude oil and acidulated hazelnut crude oil improved the egg shell quality, yolk color index and yolk oleic acid value which would increase egg’s shelf life. On the other hand acidulated hazelnut soapstock supplementation adversely affects the quality of egg shell.     

生物燃料进展研究

结合生物燃料发展现状,分析生物质资源的潜力及其对粮食安全的影响,并对中国的生物燃料发展战略提出了对策建议。     

Processing of materials derived from sweet sorghum for biobased products

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is particularly suitable as a feedstock for a variety of bioprocesses, largely because of its high yields of both lignocellulosic biomass and fermentable saccharides. Sweet sorghum is less economically important for refined sugar production than other sugar crops, e.g., sugar beet and sugarcane, but can produce more raw fermentable sugar under marginal conditions than those crops. In this review, the agronomic requirements of sorghum (viz., water, soil, and nutrient requirements), cultural practices, and plant morphology are discussed from a bioprocessing perspective. Historically, sugar extraction from the plant in the form of juice has been of primary interest; these methods, along with modern developments are presented. Recently, the direct yeast fermentation of sorghum juice for ethanol production has been studied. Additionally, the bagasse resulting from the juice extraction has been used for a variety of potential products: forage, silage, combustion energy, synthesis gas, and paper. The bagasse contains high levels of relatively low crystallinity cellulose, along with relatively labile lignin, and so is itself of interest as a fermentation feedstock. Whole sorghum stalk, and its bagasse, have been subjected to studies of a wide array of pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation processes. The potential fermentation products of sweet sorghum are wide ranging; those demonstrated include ethanol, acetone, butanol, various lipids, lactic acid, hydrogen, and methane. Several potential native products of the plant, in addition to cellulose for paper production, are also identified: waxes, proteins, and allelopathic compounds, such as sorgoleone.     

Effects of Injection of Protein Solutions Prepared from Fish By-products on Yield and Chemical Properties of Chilled and Frozen Saithe (Pollachius virens) Fillets

Fish gelatine and protein solutions prepared from saithe by-products were injected into saithe fillets. Effects on weight changes, water holding capacity, and chemical composition of the fillets were investigated after chilled (2, 5, and 7 days) and frozen (14 and 49 days) storage. The results showed that higher weight yields were obtained by adding proteins and salt to the fillets in comparison with only salt, especially in chilled fillets. The drawback of the injection was that higher drip losses were found during storage and thawing than for untreated fillets. Effects of injection on water content were only significant after 2 days of chilled storage, but differences leveled out after longer storage time and with freezing and thawing of the fillets. The procedure applied in this study seems to be promising for utilization of by-products such as trimmings as an ingredient in higher value products like fillets, in comparison to mince products.     

Protein Hydrolysate from Visceral Waste Proteins of Bolti Fish (Tilapia nilotica): Chemical and Nutritional Variations as Affected by Processing pHs and Time of Hydrolysis

The main objective of the current work was to evaluate the proximate chemical composition and nutritional quality of amino acids of protein hydrolysates from viscera of Tilapia nilotica fish. The results of amino acid composition showed that all hydrolysates contained sufficient and/or excessive amounts of both essential and nonessential amino acids, with appreciable values of essential amino acid/nonessential amino acid ratio (0.77 to 1.59) and essential amino acid/total amino acid ratio (43.35 to 61.35). All protein hydrolysates had a high content of the flavor enhancer amino acids. The lowest values of essential amino acids were found for phenylalanine and methionine with chemical scores ranging from 0.04 to 0.77 and 0.09 to 1.06, respectively, except for 18 h hydrolysates. The protein efficiency ratio had values greatly exceeding 2.0, which is considered a high quality. On the other hand, the levels of sugar and ash contents ranged from 2.69 to 3.32 g L^?1 and 0.48 to 2.1%, respectively, with 9.2 to 14% dry matter. Mineral composition showed that sufficient amounts of calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and iron were present. The results suggest that the studied hydrolysates are appropriate for use in balanced human or animal diets.     

Color Removal from the Dark Muscle of Alaskan Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Fillets and Minces Using Peroxide

The effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide (0.85-2.0% by weight) and sodium tripolyphosphate (0-2.0% by weight) at different pH (pH 4.5-10.5) applied as a surface treatment or by injection into the fillet for bleaching the dark muscle of Alaskan pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) was evaluated. At a pH of 8.5-10.5 combinations 0.85-2% sodium tripolyphosphate and 0.85-2% hydrogen peroxide were effective in reducing the color of the dark muscle in intact fillets and minces. At higher levels of peroxide, lightening was generally accompanied by higher yellow (+b) values for fillets and minced dark muscle tissue.     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Protein Recovered from Fish Waste

ABSTRACT

This work aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and functional properties of proteins recovered from whitemouth croaker (Micropogonias furnieri) and Argentine anchovy (Engraulis anchoita) residues obtained by the process of acid solubilization using HCl at pH = 2 and alkaline solubilization using NaOH at pH = 12 and isoelectric precipitation (pH = 5.5). The proximate composition and functional properties were determined. The solubilization and water holding capacity (WHC) of the recovered protein were studied in the pH range of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. The high protein content and lowest lipid reduction presented by the protein recovered from the whitemouth croaker residue and obtained by the acid solubilizing process was 97.1 and 98.4%, respectively. The maximum solubilized protein was at pH 3 and 11, and the minimum solubilized protein was at pH 5 for both species. The greater ability to retain oil was observed for the alkaline solubilization process (8.3 and 7.3). The lower WHC was at pH 5. The acid and alkali residue concentrates of the whitemouth croaker presented higher WHC at pH 3 and 11. These proteins can be used in preparing edible films and have been used to produce bioactive compounds for supplements or functional ingredients.     

Effects of Delayed Processing of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) By-products on Fishmeal Quality

The effects of storage temperature and time on raw pink salmon by-products were evaluated in relation to the fishmeal produced. Chemical analyses were performed on the raw and processed by‐products at two temperatures. Total volatile base nitrogen values indicated substantial spoilage by day 2 at 15.4 ± 1.4°C and day 6 at 6.0 ± 0.8°C. For most biogenic amines in raw by-products stored at 15.4°C, there were many significant differences from the fresh by-products by day 2. For by-products stored at 6.0°C, significant changes in biogenic amine were evident by day 2 and continued to increase. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of the raw material stored at 15.4°C started showing significant changes from fresh on day 3 and at 6.0°C on day 4. The lipid oxidation (TBARS) was significantly different from fresh by day 2. Biogenic amines in fishmeals suggested some changes occurred between day 0 and day 3 at 15.4°C and by day 7 at 6.0°C.     

Extraction of flax shive using sodium ethoxide catalyst in anhydrous ethanol

This work investigated the yield and nature of solvent-soluble organic compounds extracted from flax shive using a room temperature reaction (20 °C) with sodium ethoxide catalyst at four different concentrations (0.2, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 M) in anhydrous ethanol. Results were compared with the use of aqueous sodium hydroxide (1.0 M) at two different reaction temperatures (20 °C and 100 °C). Quantitative yield from flax shive varied linearly with sodium ethoxide concentration and averaged 54.5 mg/g on a dry-mass basis (db) at 1.0 M. In contrast, the quantitative yield using 1.0 M sodium hydroxide was much lower, averaging 2.2 mg/g (db). Yield did not differ significantly due to changes of particle size in either case, or due to changes of temperature over the range considered in the case of sodium hydroxide.Analyses using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) confirmed all extracts to contain aromatic compounds, thus likely lignin derived, but found differences in chemical characteristics between the two extraction methods. One key difference was the presence of compounds with methyl ether groups in sodium hydroxide extracts that were absent in the case of sodium ethoxide extracts. Given that flax contains a mixed guaiacyl-syringyl lignin, methyl ether groups would be expected to be present. Control reactions on three model compounds were carried out to confirm that transesterification occurred with sodium ethoxide. These control reactions also demonstrated that methyl ether groups would be expected to remain intact under the extraction conditions reported here. In light of the higher yield of solvent soluble compounds recovered by extraction with basic ethanol, flax shive may represent a source of value-added phenolic constituents. This processing method may also represent a useful pre-treatment prior to the production of biofuels by cellulose degrading organisms.     

Converting conventional agriculture to poplar bioenergy crops: soil greenhouse gas flux

Conversion of agricultural fields to bioenergy crops can affect greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Soil GHG emissions were measured seasonally in poplar bioenergy and agricultural fields at three Northwestern US locations. A forest stand was also used at one location for comparison. A portable gas analyzer was used to measure CO₂ efflux and CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were first measured with chambers and later with gradients. Agricultural soil had 17% larger CO₂ efflux rates than poplar soil. Chamber fluxes showed no differences in CH₄ uptake but did show higher N₂O fluxes in poplar than agricultural soil. Gradient CH₄ uptake rates were highest in agricultural soil in the summer but showed no N₂O flux differences. Forest soils had smaller quarterly CO₂ efflux rates than agricultural soils and greater CH₄ uptake rates than poplar soils. The largest GHG contributor to soil GHG flux was CO₂, with those being ～1000 times larger than CH₄ flux rates and ～500 times larger than N₂O flux rates based on CO₂ equivalences. Converting conventional agricultural cropland to poplar bioenergy production does not have adverse effects on soil greenhouse gas flux and these results could be useful for modeling or life cycle analysis of land use conversion.