北京景山公园夏季使用者游憩行为研究

以景山公园为观测对象,采用行为观测法,对夏季使用者游憩行为进行研究,结果表明:青年人、中年人、老年人是公园的主要使用人群。中、老年人对公园的使用时间明显长于青年人,活动类型以静态休闲、散步通行、体育锻炼等休闲娱乐为主,活动时间多集中在8:00~11:00,14:00~17:00时间内,宽敞、遮阴的广场等空间是他们活动的首选。青年人除了必要的散步通行,多以游览观赏为主,活动时间较为灵活,路线多集中于主要赏景线上。与大多数城市开放性公园一样,承担附近居民的日常休闲活动,仍是景山公园的主要使用功能,历史名园的特征并不明显,在利用中加以保护是亟待解决的问题。     

转基因油菜对节肢动物群落及菌核病发生的影响

以转基因抗除草剂油菜Ms8Rf3的F2代为试材，以CH05、华杂8号、青油14和中双7号为对照品种，研究了转基因油菜对节肢动物群落及菌核病发生的影响。结果显示，转基因油菜与对照之间群落的结构组成、群落主要参数（物种丰富度、Shannon-Winner多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势集中性指数）及时间动态基本无明显差异。可见，转基因油菜对节肢动物群落没有明显的负面影响。在油菜菌核病的发生情况上，转基因油菜在成熟期菌核病发生率较CH05、青油14和中双7号为高，但由于各品种油菜上菌核病的总体发病率都很低，评估品种对菌核病的影响可能会出现偏差。     

基于Fishbein 模型和产品属性对农民购买化肥意愿的分析

中国城乡差异显著,城镇和农村居民的消费行为也存在很大差异,应该对其消费行为分开进行研究。以农民消费者为对象,将化肥的二维属性(消费属性和投资属性)作为新变量引入Fishbein合理行为模型,构建了农民化肥购买意愿模型,考察化肥二维属性对他们购买意愿的影响。经过方差分析和结构方程分析发现,化肥的消费属性只能通过农民的态度影响其购买意愿;投资属性可以通过农民的态度对购买意愿产生正向影响,也可以通过从众心理对其购买意愿产生正向影响;并且投资属性对农民从众心理的影响更大,从众心理对购买意愿的影响比态度对购买意愿的影响更强。     

Cost benefit analysis of fisheries management plans

The management of freshwater fisheries in France is generally entrusted to angling associations, which are in turn grouped into departmental federations. These associations, act under State supervision to protect the aquatic environment and develop recreational fisheries. The National Fishing Council has developed a general method for the formulation of departmental fishery management plans. More than half the departments of France have been involved in this programme since 1995. The approach focuses on the potential number of adult wild fish in each homogeneous ecological unit called a 'context'. The cost of any rehabilitation work needed to restore habitat and to place the context under self-sustaining management (called 'patrimonial management') is estimated. Examples of the way in which cost-benefit analysis helps determine the economic viability of management plans are drawn from the Indre and Hérault, two departments with contrasting ecological and fishery situations. The analysis takes into account the value of wild fish in relation to stocked fish.     

耐盐红螺菌对水产养殖病害细菌的拮抗作用

为探明光合理细菌对水产养殖动物病害的生物防治功能，对病鳖、鳗及南美白对虾动物体上的病原菌进行分离、纯化与鉴定，人工感染健康动物检测致病性；探讨耐盐红螺菌对病害细菌分离株的仰菌效能，和有效抑菌作用时细胞所处的生长期。试验结果表明，水产动物病害细菌分离株为孤菌属，气单胞菌属和假单胞菌属菌株；耐盐红螺菌的代谢产物对商害细菌分离株均有抑制作用，其平坂柳菌圈为1.2-1.4cm，最低抑菌浓度多为4-8倍稀释液；耐盐红螺菌的拮抗物质随细胞对数生长过程中生成，至细胞衰亡期达到最大值。     

Long-term understory recovery after mechanical fuel reduction in Mediterranean cork oak forests

In the Euro-Mediterranean region, mechanical fuel reduction is increasingly used in response to the mounting occurrence of catastrophic wildfires, yet their long-term ecological effects are poorly understood. Although Mediterranean vegetation is resilient to a range of disturbances, it is possible that widespread fuel management at short intervals may threaten forest structural complexity and the persistence of some plant species and functional types, with overall negative consequences for biodiversity. We used a chronosequence approach to infer woody vegetation changes in the first 70 years after understory clearing in upland cork oak (Quercus suber) forests, and to assess how these are affected by treatment frequency. Across the chronosequence there was a shift between plant communities with contrasting composition, structure and functional organization. Understory cover increased quickly after disturbance and a community dominated by pioneer seeder and dry-fruited shrubs (Cistus ladanifer, C. populifolius, Genista triacanthos, and Lavandula stoechas) developed during about 15 years, but this was slowly replaced by a community dominated by resprouters and fleshy-fruited species (Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea) >40 years after disturbance. During the first 15 years there were rapid increases in woody species richness, vertical structural diversity, cover by Q. suber juveniles and saplings, and shrub cover at <1.5 m strata, which levelled off or slightly declined thereafter. In contrast, tree species richness, tree density and density of arboreal A. unedo and E. arborea, vertical structural evenness, and cover at >1.5 m strata increased slowly for >50 years. Treatment frequency showed strongly negative relationships with species richness, structural diversity and evenness, and horizontal and vertical understory cover, particularly that of slowly recovering species. These findings suggest that fuel reduction programs involving widespread and recurrent understory clearing may lead to the elimination at the landscape scale of stands with complex multi-layered understory occupied by large resprouters and fleshy-fruited species, which take a long time to recover after disturbance. Fuel management programs thus need to balance the dual goals of fire hazard reduction and biodiversity conservation, recognizing the value of stands untreated for >50 years to retain ecological heterogeneity in Mediterranean forest landscapes.     

The ecology and ecosystem services of native trees: Implications for reforestation and land restoration in Mesoamerica

Tropical forests provide a variety of goods and services to humanity. Although efforts to protect and manage these forests have increased in recent decades, forest loss continues. The last decade and a half has seen considerable research on reforestation with native species in Mesoamerica, including both biophysical and social aspects. Advances in knowledge have led to increasingly sophisticated reforestation treatments as well as novel ways of deriving forest goods and services from human dominated landscapes.This Special Issue includes articles produced as the result of a conference held in Panama City, Panama in January 2010 with the goal to summarize the state of knowledge of native species reforestation and associated ecosystems services in Mesoamerica. The introduction concludes with a call for continued research, including a mechanistic understanding of tree interactions with the biophysical environment in order to advance or knowledge of ecosystem services and their interactions. Results from these and other studies aimed at socioeconomic aspects of reforestation are critical to land use planning.     

Exploring the “last biotic frontier”: Are temperate forest canopies special for saproxylic beetles?

Conserving saproxylic beetles in temperate forests will require a better understanding of habitat requirements. So far, quantitative community studies have rarely considered their vertical requirements. In comparison with the tropical forest canopy, it remains to be seen whether a comparably high level of beetle diversity exists in the temperate forest canopy.We compared saproxylic beetle assemblages at two vertical levels in three temperate French forests. Two datasets originated from emergence traps of pine and oak deadwood substrates (mid-canopy and forest floor branches) in lowland forests. The third compared flying beetle fauna at mid-canopy and understory levels using pairs of flight interception traps in beech-fir mountain forests.Our study provided contrasting results regarding the contribution of each stratum to biodiversity. Whereas higher abundance and species richness were apparent in understory samples in beech-fir stands and in oak branches, no difference for richness - or even the opposite pattern for abundance - was observed in pine branches. A significant inter-strata dissimilarity was revealed in all datasets. Each stratum harbored specialist taxa. Exclusive canopy species accounted for 20-40% of all species. In accordance with dissimilarity partitioning, arboreal saproxylic beetle communities were not just nested subsets of ground assemblages.It is likely that microhabitat requirements, food availability and other non-resource-based factors (microclimate preference, species interactions) drive the stratification of beetle assemblages.Our results lend support (i) to the recommendation of a multi-strata sampling strategy for forest insects and (ii) to management practices in favour of valuable canopy micro-habitats.     

Patterns of solanidine glycoalkaloid variation in four gene pools of the cultivated potato

Patterns of variation for the solanidine-based glycoalkaloids have been determined for tuber material of genebank accessions of landraces of the cultivated potato and three closely-related wild species. Total levels were low in the cultivated taxa investigated,S. phureja, S. stenotomum, and the tetraploidS. tuberosum in its two formsS. tuberosum ssp.tuberosum andS. tuberosum ssp.andigena. The only solanidine-based glycolkaloids found in the tubers investigated in this study were-solanine and-chaconine, with one additional related compound, dehydrocommersonine, found in tubers of an accession ofS. canasense. The ratio of chaconine : solanine differed markedly from a mean of 0.98 inS. phureja to 2.28 in ChileanS. tuberosum ssp.tuberosum. The chaconine : solanine ratio was relatively constant within these two taxa, reflecting their relatively narrow genetic bases, but was much more variable within the taxa regarded as ancestral,S. stenotomum andS. tuberosum ssp.andigena. The wild speciesS. sparsipilum has been implicated in the origin of the tetraploid potato,S. tuberosum, but there was no support for this from the patterns of variation in chaconine : solanine ratio. The cline of chaconine : solanine ratios in cultivated potatoes along the spine of S. America does not appear to relate to the influence of local wild species through introgression, but may instead reflect differing selective pressures acting in different parts of the native range of the cultivated potato.