苏丹红和饲料着色剂的区别

本文主要从苏丹红和饲料着色剂的化学结构、作用机理及毒性等方面说明饲料着色剂与苏丹红的天壤之别。     

山豆根多糖体外清除自由基作用的研究

采用邻二氮菲-Fe2 氧化法测定了山豆根多糖(SSP1)清除羟自由基(.OH)的作用,应用邻苯三酚自氧化反应体系为产生超氧阴离子自由基(O2.)模型观察了SSP1对超氧阴离子的清除作用,选择辣根过氧化物酶-酚红法测定了山豆根多糖对H2O2的清除作用.结果表明,山豆根多糖(50～400 mg/l)具有清除羟自由基的作用,且呈明显的量效关系;对邻苯三酚自氧化具有抑制作用,对调理酵母多糖诱导的小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞释放H2O2具有抑制作用.该结果提示山豆根多糖具有抗氧化作用.     

城口县蜜源植物资源分析

通过对城口县辖7镇17乡的蜜源植物进行调查,摸清了该地区蜜源植物的种类、数量及分布,并分析了现有蜜源植物的开发和利用现状,为开发和利用城口县宝贵植物基因库,制定该县蜜粉源植物保护与开发方案奠定基础。调查发现该县蜜、粉源植物共有78科、173属、228种,可以作为主要蜜源植物的达24种。     

桉树化学成分及药理作用研究进展

桉树作为世界上三大速生丰产树种之一,已被人们所公认.近年来,桉树及其副产物的综合利用研究取得了一定的进展,桉树的药理作用研究方兴未艾.文章在介绍桉树的主要化学成分的基础上,详细综述了桉树在抗菌、抗炎、杀虫以及促渗等方面的药理作用研究进展,使人们对桉树能有更加全面的了解和认识,拓宽了人们在桉树药用价值等相关领域的研究视野.     

白花草化学成分分析与抗菌作用研究

采用试管预试法和圆形滤纸法分析了白花草的化学成分。结果表明,白花草含有酚性成分、有机酸、生物碱、糖类、鞣质、植物甾醇、三萜类、黄酮、甙类、皂甙和挥发油等化学成分。采用试管倍比稀释法和纸片法对白花草乙醇提取物水溶液进行了家畜常见病原微生物的体外抑菌试验,结果白花草乙醇提取物水溶液对金黄色葡萄球菌、巴氏杆菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌和沙门氏菌都有较强的抑菌作用,其抑菌圈直径分别为(17.82±2.42)mm、(16.80±1.55)mm、(13.40±2.15)mm、(14.30±1.82)mm、(16.00±3.46)mm;最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.063 g/mL、0.125 g/mL、0.500 g/mL、0.250 g/mL和0.125 g/mL。     

替代抗生素饲料添加剂研究进展

抗生素作为主要的饲料添加剂在几十年的广泛应用过程中造成了致病菌耐药性增强、动物免疫力降低、影响动物疫苗的效价、通过食物链影响人体健康等亟待解决的问题。我国农业农村部已发布公告,自2020年起我国饲料全面禁止添加使用抗生素类添加剂,饲料行业正式进入“无抗时代”。长期以来,研究人员积极寻求研发各种抗生素替代品及绿色无害的饲料添加剂,以消除或减轻禁用抗生素带来的一系列影响。就目前主要抗生素替代品的抗菌特点及抗菌机理进行综述,旨在为“禁抗”后抗菌性添加剂在饲料中的应用提供参考。     

The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry: the role of data interpretation

ABSTRACT

1. Enzymes have been used commercially for nearly 40 years and save significant costs through sparing of expensive nutrients but the mechanism by which this is achieved is still debated.

2. The research focused on non-starch polysaccharidase (NSPase) enzymes is used as an example of where greater progress could have been made if the details of the work had been described more fully and the analysis of the data generated had been broader in scope and more critical.

3. Lack of standardisation of the details presented in the materials and methods has been identified as a significant barrier to meaningful retrospective analysis and thus limits advances in the understanding of the mode of action of these enzymes.

4. The identity of the enzyme employed and its activity is often lacking, and more importantly the purity is rarely disclosed. Contaminant activities which are neither listed nor assayed could play a significant role in the responses observed.

5. The dose optimum of most enzymes is often considerably higher than that employed in most studies. Thus studies claiming synergy between two ‘activities’ should ensure that the response is not related to each enzyme simply augmenting the dose of just one activity in the finished feed. This is a common problem, and coupled with the lack of factorial experiments to justify the presence of each enzyme in a multi-enzyme product, it is not surprising that there is still debate as to whether single or multi-enzymes are best suited poultry rations.

6. The three proposed mechanisms for NSPases (viscosity, cell wall and prebiotic) are discussed, and along with their strengths and weaknesses it is suggested that a re-evaluation of each is needed. Viscosity may have to be re-evaluated as being a function not only of the cereal being fed, but of the age of the animal as well. The cell wall theory as described is poorly modelled in vitro and hence the validity of these data is questioned. The prebiotic theory may need significant modification as it appears that the quantities of oligomers produced are insufficient to generate the additional volatile fatty acids (VFA)’s reported. It is likely that all three mechanisms play a role in the responses observed, but the prebiotic mechanism probably plays by far the most important part in low viscosity diets.

7. Future research would be improved if it considered all potential mechanisms when designing a trial. Significant failings are apparent as a result of adherence to tenets in explanation of the results. Most importantly, it should be emphasised that a hypothesis is there to be tested, not defended.     

黑龙江省兴凯湖保护区的基本特点及其有效管理

兴凯湖保护区是我国东北穆棱一三江平原湿地最具代表性、保存最好、面积最大的区域，而且与俄罗斯接壤，可以说是湿地生物多样性保护的一个热点区域。在当前提倡对湿地、淡水水域和海域加大保护力度的关键时刻，集中相应的人力、物力对它给予更多的关注是十分必要的。本文对其基本特点、有效管理的成就和存在的问题作简要介绍，并提出相应的建议，供有关方面参考。     

新世纪保护区面临的挑战及其有效对策

道路、水库、建筑物、不断扩大的农田和土地退化正在使自然景观的完整性受到严重破坏。所保存的未经干扰或少受干扰的天然生态系统的面积日益缩小，犹如海洋中的孤岛。生物多样性受到严重的威胁。在自然保护区中，物种迁移和基因流动的可能性也在不断地降低。生物区域规划被认为是一种较好的选择，它力求把保护区和栽培地区视为一个有机整体，遵循保护和发展密切结合的方针，制定行动计划并予以实施。本文根据保护区的管理情况、工作条件和科研状况等，对保护区或区域的类型进行了划分，针对现实，提出了如何实施生物区域规划。     

抗附红细胞体有效药物的筛选

以PCR检测附红细胞体呈现阳性，且镜检染虫率达909／5以上的猪血样为研究对象，选择几种附红细胞体敏感的药物(血虫净，附红净，庆大霉素，博士914，土霉素，三毒清，红弓链914，附红120，红弓链克，乌金土霉素)和对支原体敏感的恩诺沙星，对立克次氏体敏感的红霉素，采用两种方法进行体外药效试验。附红净对附红细胞体的作用效果最明显，而庆大霉素对附红细胞体基本无效，其他药物对附红细胞体也有一定杀灭效果。