《图书馆学研究》学术影响力分析

根据文献计量学方法,利用＂中国知识基础设施工程＂（CNKI）资源,从载文量、下载量、各年被引量、影响因子等指标对《图书馆学研究》进行了统计分析,研究了其在图书情报领域中的地位和学术影响力。     

石灰、活性炭对镉污染土壤的修复效果研究

通过模拟铬(Cr,0～300 mg kg-1)污染土壤盆栽试验,研究石灰、活性炭及石灰+活性炭对铬胁迫下小白菜生长状况的影响及对铬污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:受铬污染的土壤明显使小白菜受到毒害,但经石灰(L1、L2)、活性炭(C2、C3)及石灰+活性炭(L1C1、L2C2)处理均缓解了重金属的毒害症状,显著促进小白菜的生长,生物量较对照提高1～2倍(p<0.05)。3种改良剂相比,在相同Cr浓度处理下,活性炭对降低污染土壤中有效态铬的效果最好,与CK相比,有效态铬的含量降低至0.086 mg kg-1,降幅达77.36%。相关分析表明:小白菜叶部铬含量和根部铬含量与土壤有效态铬含量表现出显著的正相关(p<0.01),土壤pH与土壤有效态铬含量之间呈负相关(p<0.05),所以在铬污染的土壤中,可以提高土壤的pH,以减小土壤铬的植物有效性,使其向植物迁移的风险减小。     

小麦-玉米-大豆轮作下黑土农田土壤呼吸与碳平衡

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,探讨农田生态系统的土壤呼吸与碳平衡对于科学评价陆地生态系统在全球变化下的源汇效应具有重要意义。基于中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站的长期定位试验,对不同施肥处理下黑土小麦-玉米-大豆轮作体系2005—2007年的作物固碳量与土壤CO2排放通量进行了观测,并对该轮作体系下黑土农田生态系统的碳平衡状况进行了估算。结果表明:在小麦-玉米-大豆轮作体系中,作物固碳量的高低表现为:玉米>大豆>小麦,平均值分别为6 513 kg(C).hm-2、4 025 kg(C).hm-2和3 655kg(C).hm-2。从作物生长季土壤CO2排放总量来看,3种作物以大豆农田生态系统的土壤CO2排放总量最高,平均值达4 062 kg(C).hm-2;其次为玉米,为3 813 kg(C).hm-2;而小麦最低,为2 326 kg(C).hm-2。3种作物轮作下NEP(净生态系统生产力)均为正值,表明黑土农田土壤-作物系统为大气CO2的"汇",不同作物系统的碳汇强度表现为玉米>小麦>大豆,三者的平均值分别为3 215 kg(C).hm-2、1 643 kg(C).hm-2和512 kg(C).hm-2。长期均衡施用氮、磷、钾化肥或氮、磷、钾化肥配施有机肥后,小麦、玉米和大豆农田生态系统的固碳量和土壤CO2排放总量均明显增加,并在氮、磷、钾配施有机肥处理下达到最高。不同的施肥管理措施将改变土壤-植物系统作为大气CO2"汇"的程度,总体表现为化肥均衡施用下NEP值较高,而化肥与有机肥配施下农田生态系统的NEP值较低。     

磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化。结果表明,磷在潮土中的移动距离很短,经过7 d和28 d的迁移,磷的迁移距离仅为8～14 mm。施入的磷主要固定在紧靠施肥点2 mm土体范围内,随距施肥点距离的增加,土壤水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷的含量呈指数曲线迅速降低。磷在施肥后7 d内的迁移量较大,迁移进入土壤的磷绝大部分被吸附固定。施肥量对不同形态磷在肥际微域中的迁移量产生显著影响;但培养时间只明显影响了水溶性磷的迁移量。     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

南亚热带主要果树冻(寒)害低温指标的确定

根据历史气候和冻(寒)害灾情资料、2007/2008、2008/2009年冬季盆栽移放试验和典型年考察资料,以及冻(寒)害形态学标准,采用数理统计和对比印证方法,对南亚热带主要果树冻(寒)害低温指标进行研究。确定了几种主要南亚热带果树的轻、中、重、严重冻(寒)害低温指标,结果分别为龙眼:-1.5～0℃、-2.5～-1.5℃、-3.5～-2.5℃、<-3.5℃;荔枝:-2.0～0℃、-3.0～-2.0℃、-4.0～-3.0℃、<-4.0℃;香蕉:3.0～5.0℃、1.0～3.0℃、-1.0～1.0℃、<-1.0℃。结果可为果树冻害监测预警及避冻区划提供参考。     

崩岗发生区岩土类型分析

本文应用岩土工程的试验方法及其分类标准,对崩岗发生区的风化壳岩土进行分析.结果表明:1)依据地质成因和风化程度,风化壳可划分为坡积层和风化岩土层;其中,风化岩土层又分为残积土层、全风化层、强风化层,并以粘、石英含量高、粉、长石含量高分别为各自的典型特征.2)依据土的颗粒组成、塑性指数、颗粒的矿物组成,可将风化壳的岩土分为六大类:粘性土、石英砾砂、粉土类、粉砂、长石砾砂和角砾;且对应的风化壳层次分别为坡积层,残积土层,全风化层,强风化层上部、强风化层中部、强风化层底部.3)坡积层与风化岩土层的性质变化大,界限明显;风化岩土层中各层次之间为渐变过渡关系.     

Effects of Irrigation Patterns and Nitrogen Fertilization on Rice Yield and Microbial Community Structure in Paddy Soil

Water and nitrogen (N) are considered the most important factors affecting rice production and play vital roles in regulating soil microbial biomass, activity, and community. The effects of irrigation patterns and N fertilizer levels on the soil microbial community structure and yield of paddy rice were investigated in a pot experiment. The experiment was designed with four N levels of 0 (N0), 126 (N1), 157.5 (N2), and 210 kg N ha-1 (N3) under two irrigation patterns of continuous water-logging irrigation (WLI) and water-controlled irrigation (WCI). Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was conducted to track the dynamics of soil microbial communities at tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The results showed that the maximums of grain yield, above-ground biomass, and total N uptake were all obtained in the N2 treatment under WCI. Similar variations in total PLFAs, as well as bacterial and fungal PLFAs, were found, with an increase from the tillering to the grain-filling stage and a decrease at the maturity stage except for actinomycetic PLFAs, which decreased continuously from the tillering to the maturity stage. A shift in composition of the microbial community at different stages of the plant growth was indicated by principal component analysis (PCA), in which the samples at the vegetative stage (tillering stage) were separated from those at the reproductive stage (grain-filling and maturity stages). Soil microbial biomass, measured as total PLFAs, was significantly higher under WCI than that under WLI mainly at the grain-filling stage, whereas the fungal PLFAs detected under WCI were significantly higher than those under WLI at the tillering, grain-filling, and maturity stages. The application of N fertilizer also significantly increased soil microbial biomass and the main microbial groups both under WLI and WCI conditions. The proper combination of irrigation management and N fertilizer level in this study was the N2 (157.5 kg N ha-1) treatment under the water-controlled irrigation pattern.     

坡度和雨强对重庆市黄壤旱坡地产流产沙特征的影响

黄壤作为重庆市山地主要的土壤类型之一,对重庆市农业生产有重要影响。通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究不同坡度和降雨强度条件对黄壤旱坡地产流产沙特征影响及响应过程,结果表明：（1）输沙率随降雨强度的增大而增大,对于短历时强降雨来说,输沙率保持在一个相对平均的水平,比长历时中强度降雨的输沙率大。在坡度0°～25°以内,黄壤旱坡地产流量与坡度之间的关系可以用多相式进行拟合,得到产流临界坡度为22.83°;（2）土壤侵蚀量与坡度符合二次抛物线关系,随坡度的增加出现临界坡度,重庆市黄壤旱坡地土壤侵蚀的临界值坡度为24.7°。在降雨特征参数中,平均降雨强度是反映黄壤旱坡地泥沙量、径流系数和径流泥沙含量的最好特征参数,时段最大降雨强度I10最能反映黄壤旱坡地径流量的变化特征;（3）在10°,15°,20°3个不同坡度下,径流量和产沙量与雨强均表现为幂函数关系,相关系数均在大于0.05置信区间呈显著相关性。     

基于模拟降雨的土壤表土结皮特征及坡面侵蚀响应

土壤表土结皮对坡面侵蚀过程具有重要影响,利用模拟降雨条件下土壤贯入和产流产沙试验,对不同降雨场次紫色土和黄壤表土结皮特征及坡面侵蚀响应进行研究。结果表明：（1）PT型贯入仪测定的贯入数值（P）与含水率（θ）成标准指数函数关系。（2）不同降雨场次表土结皮存在＂无结皮→弱结皮→强结皮→弱结皮→新结皮＂的动态发育过程,相同降雨条件下黄壤表土结皮强度大于紫色土的。（3）持续降雨过程不同降雨场次土壤表土结皮对溅蚀影响不明显,而与产流存在显著的动态响应关系,结皮强度越大产流量也越大,结皮对产流的影响随着降雨进行而有增大趋势,黄壤表土结皮的径流增加量大于紫色土的,而紫色土坡面结皮对产流量变化敏感程度大于黄壤。不同场次降雨过程土壤表土结皮对坡面侵蚀产沙影响存在差异,前4场降雨表土结皮强度与坡面侵蚀产沙有相同的变化趋势,4次降雨后土壤表土结皮表现为对坡面侵蚀有抑制作用。